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<p>In this study, we explored the efficacy of the probiotic <i>Lactobacillus curvatus</i> in growth performance, chemical composition, hematological characteristics, serum biochemical parameters, and immune response of Caspian Kutum (<i>Rutilus frisii</i>) under HMs stress. Fish with an average initial weight of 8.05 ± 1.58&#xa0;g were allocated to 40-L polyethylene tanks, with six fish per tank. These fish were divided into six treatment groups: a control group, a <i>Lactobacillus curvatus</i> only group (10<sup>8</sup>&#xa0;CFU/g), a Pb exposure group (12&#xa0;mg/L), a Cd exposure group (4&#xa0;mg/L), a Pb + <i>Lactobacillus curvatus</i> group (10<sup>8</sup>&#xa0;CFU/g with Pb), and a Cadmium + <i>Lactobacillus curvatus</i> group (10<sup>8</sup>&#xa0;CFU/g with Cadmium). Each treatment was conducted in triplicate, with the fish being fed three times daily at 6% of their body weight over. The outcomes demonstrated that growth indices in fish treated with probiotic strain had a considerable enhancement compared with the control treatment (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). The addition of 3&#xa0;g of probiotics to the diet caused a remarkable growth in white blood cells, neutrophils, a reduction in lysozyme and complement, which showed a significant difference compared with the control treatment. In general, probiotic <i>Lactobacillus curvatus</i> have a considerable effect on the growth, blood, and immunity, and it plays an effective role in reducing injuries caused by lead and cadmium poisoning of Caspian Sea fish fingerlings (<i>Rutilus frisii</i>). The administration of <i>Lactobacillus curvatus</i> resulted in significant improvements in growth parameters compared to the control group (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). <i>Lactobacillus curvatus</i> treatment Pb to a substantial increase in white blood cells and neutrophils, along with a reduction in lysozyme and complement levels, indicating an enhanced immune response. Moreover, <i>Lactobacillus curvatus</i> effectively mitigated the adverse effects of Pb and Cd exposure, underscoring its potential as a protective agent against heavy metal toxicity in Caspian kutum.</p>

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Protective Effects of Lactobacillus curvatus Against Acute Lead and Cadmium Toxicity in Caspian Kutum (Rutilus frisii, Nordmann, 1840): Growth Performance, Chemical Composition, Hematological Characteristics, Serum Biochemical Parameters, and Immune Response

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月4日

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  • Afshin Fahim,
  • Masoumeh Anvari,
  • Alireza Valipour,
  • Mohammad Reza Safabakhsh

摘要

In this study, we explored the efficacy of the probiotic Lactobacillus curvatus in growth performance, chemical composition, hematological characteristics, serum biochemical parameters, and immune response of Caspian Kutum (Rutilus frisii) under HMs stress. Fish with an average initial weight of 8.05 ± 1.58 g were allocated to 40-L polyethylene tanks, with six fish per tank. These fish were divided into six treatment groups: a control group, a Lactobacillus curvatus only group (108 CFU/g), a Pb exposure group (12 mg/L), a Cd exposure group (4 mg/L), a Pb + Lactobacillus curvatus group (108 CFU/g with Pb), and a Cadmium + Lactobacillus curvatus group (108 CFU/g with Cadmium). Each treatment was conducted in triplicate, with the fish being fed three times daily at 6% of their body weight over. The outcomes demonstrated that growth indices in fish treated with probiotic strain had a considerable enhancement compared with the control treatment (p < 0.05). The addition of 3 g of probiotics to the diet caused a remarkable growth in white blood cells, neutrophils, a reduction in lysozyme and complement, which showed a significant difference compared with the control treatment. In general, probiotic Lactobacillus curvatus have a considerable effect on the growth, blood, and immunity, and it plays an effective role in reducing injuries caused by lead and cadmium poisoning of Caspian Sea fish fingerlings (Rutilus frisii). The administration of Lactobacillus curvatus resulted in significant improvements in growth parameters compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Lactobacillus curvatus treatment Pb to a substantial increase in white blood cells and neutrophils, along with a reduction in lysozyme and complement levels, indicating an enhanced immune response. Moreover, Lactobacillus curvatus effectively mitigated the adverse effects of Pb and Cd exposure, underscoring its potential as a protective agent against heavy metal toxicity in Caspian kutum.