Biocellulose-Based Functional Materials in Cancer Research: Advances in Biosensing, Diagnostics, and Therapy: A Comprehensive Review

Cellulose, a naturally occurring polysaccharide, has emerged as a promising class of biocompatible, renewable, and sustainable biomacromolecules with extensive applications in cancer research. Their inherent properties such as biodegradability, functional versatility, and compatibility with biological systems, position cellulose as an effective material for cancer diagnostics, therapeutics, and biosensor development. This review highlights advancements in cellulose-derived materials, including cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), and chemically modified cellulose, that enhance their performance in biomedical applications. The focus is on cellulose-based biosensors for cancer detection, cellulose nanocarriers for controlled drug delivery, and their contributions to photothermal and photodynamic therapies. This review also identifies key opportunities in cellulose functionalization, hybrid material development, and clinical translation, emphasizing the need to bridge innovative research with practical oncology solutions.