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<p>The emergence of First Person View (FPV) kamikaze drones presents new challenges for armoured vehicle protection systems. These drones typically strike from near-vertical angles, targeting turret and roof regions with limited armour coverage. The present work investigates the performance of cope cage-based protection system incorporating different metallic and composite layers against such explosive impacts. Systematic cage density comparison study was performed to obtain optimal geometric configuration that maximises protection while minimising the additional structural weight. Explosive analysis using Load_Blast_Enhanced formulation in LS DYNA was performed on selected material and geometries to get the&#xa0;cage mesh with best strength to weight ratio. Materials considered in study include aluminium alloys, mild steel, and HSLA steel. Among these HSLA steel provided a favourable balance between strength and controlled deformation. Explicit detonation simulations are carried out on the obtained optimised cage configuration using smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) approach combined with Johnson–Wilkins–Lee (JWL) equation of state.&#xa0;An Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) formulation is employed to simulate air behind the base plate and monitor pressure transmission behind the base plate. Coupling between Eulerian and Lagrangian elements is governed by LS-DYNA keyword CONSTRAINED LAGRANGE IN SOLID. Configurations incorporating composite layers of carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP), Aramid and Hybrid CFRP/Aramid laminates was introduced along the line of action of explosive to study the improvement in energy absorption and reduction in transmitted pressure behind the base plate. Parametric Optimisation studies were performed by varying the material combination, layer standoff distance and relative positioning to identify the most effective multilayer arrangement. Performance metrics such as maximum deformation,&#xa0;transmitted pressure and energy absorption are evaluated for each of the obtained configurations. Final optimised multi-layer configuration consists of a square lattice configuration cage mesh with 10&#xa0;mm diameter members and 50&#xa0;mm spacing followed by hybrid composite arrangement comprising a 10&#xa0;mm aramid layer on the upper side and a 5&#xa0;mm CFRP layer of configuration (0/45/90/-45/0) on the lower side, positioned ahead of the base plate. standoff distance between hybrid composite layer and base plate is 90&#xa0;mm, while standoff between cage mesh and hybrid composite layer is 95&#xa0;mm. The optimized multi-layer configuration showed a substantial improvement in protective performance reducing transmitted pressure by 95.3%, deformation of base plate by 92.1%, and energy&#xa0;absorbed by base plate by 92.2% compared to an unprotected structure. The results clearly indicate that hybrid cage composite systems offer superior blast attenuation while maintaining low weight penalties The findings of this study provide engineering insights for designing lightweight and cost-effective protective systems against FPV drone attacks.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Computational analysis and material optimization of protective cage structures against FPV kamikaze drone delivered explosive payloads

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月27日

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  • Anuj Kumar Sharma,
  • P. K. Sharma,
  • Anurag Kumar Pandey,
  • Rajat Kumar Panigrahi

摘要

The emergence of First Person View (FPV) kamikaze drones presents new challenges for armoured vehicle protection systems. These drones typically strike from near-vertical angles, targeting turret and roof regions with limited armour coverage. The present work investigates the performance of cope cage-based protection system incorporating different metallic and composite layers against such explosive impacts. Systematic cage density comparison study was performed to obtain optimal geometric configuration that maximises protection while minimising the additional structural weight. Explosive analysis using Load_Blast_Enhanced formulation in LS DYNA was performed on selected material and geometries to get the cage mesh with best strength to weight ratio. Materials considered in study include aluminium alloys, mild steel, and HSLA steel. Among these HSLA steel provided a favourable balance between strength and controlled deformation. Explicit detonation simulations are carried out on the obtained optimised cage configuration using smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) approach combined with Johnson–Wilkins–Lee (JWL) equation of state. An Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) formulation is employed to simulate air behind the base plate and monitor pressure transmission behind the base plate. Coupling between Eulerian and Lagrangian elements is governed by LS-DYNA keyword CONSTRAINED LAGRANGE IN SOLID. Configurations incorporating composite layers of carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP), Aramid and Hybrid CFRP/Aramid laminates was introduced along the line of action of explosive to study the improvement in energy absorption and reduction in transmitted pressure behind the base plate. Parametric Optimisation studies were performed by varying the material combination, layer standoff distance and relative positioning to identify the most effective multilayer arrangement. Performance metrics such as maximum deformation, transmitted pressure and energy absorption are evaluated for each of the obtained configurations. Final optimised multi-layer configuration consists of a square lattice configuration cage mesh with 10 mm diameter members and 50 mm spacing followed by hybrid composite arrangement comprising a 10 mm aramid layer on the upper side and a 5 mm CFRP layer of configuration (0/45/90/-45/0) on the lower side, positioned ahead of the base plate. standoff distance between hybrid composite layer and base plate is 90 mm, while standoff between cage mesh and hybrid composite layer is 95 mm. The optimized multi-layer configuration showed a substantial improvement in protective performance reducing transmitted pressure by 95.3%, deformation of base plate by 92.1%, and energy absorbed by base plate by 92.2% compared to an unprotected structure. The results clearly indicate that hybrid cage composite systems offer superior blast attenuation while maintaining low weight penalties The findings of this study provide engineering insights for designing lightweight and cost-effective protective systems against FPV drone attacks.

Graphical abstract