This study aims to evaluate the bonding differences of removable implant restorations frameworks made from cobalt-chromium alloy, pure titanium, and PEEK materials, and to investigate the impact of implant structure parameters on their mechanical properties. As the demand for biocompatibility and functional adaptability in oral restoration increases, traditional metal materials are gradually transitioning to high-performance polymers. However, the bonding performance and mechanical optimization of different materials still require systematic validation. The study used micrometer measurement and three-dimensional optical scanning to compare the gaps between 60 sets of removable implant restorations frameworks and plaster models. Additionally, orthogonal experimental design was employed to create nine combinations of implant parameters, establishing finite element models to analyze the effects of apex inclination, thread shape, and implant length and diameter on stress distribution. The results showed that the three-dimensional scanning method had significantly higher measurement accuracy than the micrometer method, with a root mean square value of 0.2 mm. Moreover, the gaps between components of PEEK material were the smallest, at only 107 μm at the fulcrum, demonstrating better bonding performance compared to cobalt-chromium alloy and pure titanium. Mechanical analysis indicated that a combination of Buttress threads with an apex inclination of 15°, a length of 10 mm, and a diameter of 4.1 mm could evenly reduce stress, with the maximum principal stress at the implant neck being 178.4 MPa and the bone interface stress being 53.2 MPa, due to its elastic modulus being close to that of jawbone and low plaque adhesion rate, exhibited superior biomechanical adaptability. The study confirmed that PEEK material has clinical advantages in bonding, stress distribution, and comfort, while the synergistic optimization of thread shape and size parameters in implant design can effectively enhance mechanical stability. This result provides a scientific basis for the selection of removable implant restorations materials and the design of implant structure, promotes the formulation of personalized restoration plan, and has important practical value for reducing restoration complications and prolonging the service life of denture. The innovation of this study lies in the integration of high-precision three-dimensional fit analysis (RMS evaluation) and multi-parameter finite element optimization of implants based on orthogonal experimental design for the first time, providing a data-driven decision-making basis for clinical material selection and implant structure design for removable implant restorations. Graphical Abstract

Comparative bonding and biomechanical performance of PEEK and metal frameworks in removable implant restorations

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发表日期：

2026年7月20日

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Lisha Zhang

摘要

This study aims to evaluate the bonding differences of removable implant restorations frameworks made from cobalt-chromium alloy, pure titanium, and PEEK materials, and to investigate the impact of implant structure parameters on their mechanical properties. As the demand for biocompatibility and functional adaptability in oral restoration increases, traditional metal materials are gradually transitioning to high-performance polymers. However, the bonding performance and mechanical optimization of different materials still require systematic validation. The study used micrometer measurement and three-dimensional optical scanning to compare the gaps between 60 sets of removable implant restorations frameworks and plaster models. Additionally, orthogonal experimental design was employed to create nine combinations of implant parameters, establishing finite element models to analyze the effects of apex inclination, thread shape, and implant length and diameter on stress distribution. The results showed that the three-dimensional scanning method had significantly higher measurement accuracy than the micrometer method, with a root mean square value of 0.2 mm. Moreover, the gaps between components of PEEK material were the smallest, at only 10⁷ μm at the fulcrum, demonstrating better bonding performance compared to cobalt-chromium alloy and pure titanium. Mechanical analysis indicated that a combination of Buttress threads with an apex inclination of 15°, a length of 10 mm, and a diameter of 4.1 mm could evenly reduce stress, with the maximum principal stress at the implant neck being 178.4 MPa and the bone interface stress being 53.2 MPa, due to its elastic modulus being close to that of jawbone and low plaque adhesion rate, exhibited superior biomechanical adaptability. The study confirmed that PEEK material has clinical advantages in bonding, stress distribution, and comfort, while the synergistic optimization of thread shape and size parameters in implant design can effectively enhance mechanical stability. This result provides a scientific basis for the selection of removable implant restorations materials and the design of implant structure, promotes the formulation of personalized restoration plan, and has important practical value for reducing restoration complications and prolonging the service life of denture. The innovation of this study lies in the integration of high-precision three-dimensional fit analysis (RMS evaluation) and multi-parameter finite element optimization of implants based on orthogonal experimental design for the first time, providing a data-driven decision-making basis for clinical material selection and implant structure design for removable implant restorations.

Graphical Abstract