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<p>A little research on tubular thermoforming has been completed. The study aims to fill the gap and seeks to optimize the thermoforming of tubular components of polyamide 12 (PA12), which are used in automotive brake assist hoses. Both Taguchi-Grey and numerical simulation analysis methodologies were employed to find the optimal setting of the operating parameter, which yields minimum variation in tube inflation and elastic spring back. The process parameters are the heating temperature (135–150&#xa0;°C), heating time (20–40&#xa0;s), and cooling time (13–27&#xa0;s). The experimental setup includes a precision-controlled steam station enabling accurate regulation of the thermal cycles. The experimental essays follow a Taguchi L9 strategy where measurements at each treatment are repeated three times. The experimental study has disclosed that the optimal mix was achieved at 150&#xa0;°C of heating temperature, 20&#xa0;s of heating time, and 27&#xa0;s of cooling time, resulting in a mean absolute error of 0.117&#xa0;mm for the inflation and 11° for the springback responses. The numerical simulations showed that maximum stress concentrations occurred at the elbow region (38&#xa0;MPa) with 11.7% thickness reduction. Moreover, the analyis results agreed with the experimental measurements (deviation &lt; 5%) for the inflation and springback variables.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Experimental and Numerical Optimization of PA12 Tubular Thermoforming for Automotive Brake Assist Hoses

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月31日

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  • Mohamed Hichem Habbouba,
  • Ali Trabelsi,
  • Seddik Shiri,
  • Mohamed Ali Rezgui

摘要

A little research on tubular thermoforming has been completed. The study aims to fill the gap and seeks to optimize the thermoforming of tubular components of polyamide 12 (PA12), which are used in automotive brake assist hoses. Both Taguchi-Grey and numerical simulation analysis methodologies were employed to find the optimal setting of the operating parameter, which yields minimum variation in tube inflation and elastic spring back. The process parameters are the heating temperature (135–150 °C), heating time (20–40 s), and cooling time (13–27 s). The experimental setup includes a precision-controlled steam station enabling accurate regulation of the thermal cycles. The experimental essays follow a Taguchi L9 strategy where measurements at each treatment are repeated three times. The experimental study has disclosed that the optimal mix was achieved at 150 °C of heating temperature, 20 s of heating time, and 27 s of cooling time, resulting in a mean absolute error of 0.117 mm for the inflation and 11° for the springback responses. The numerical simulations showed that maximum stress concentrations occurred at the elbow region (38 MPa) with 11.7% thickness reduction. Moreover, the analyis results agreed with the experimental measurements (deviation < 5%) for the inflation and springback variables.

Graphical abstract