Probing uncertainty in low-velocity impact behaviour of hybrid functionally graded (FG)—sandwich plate and spherical shell structures

Sandwich structures are highly advanced engineering constructs widely used in fields such as marine science, automotive engineering, aerospace, etc. Recent research has shifted towards exploiting the unique benefits of laminated composites, sandwich structures, and functionally graded (FG) materials, each offering advantages over traditional solid designs. This paper presents a new approach for evaluating how uncertainties affect the low-velocity impact performance of hybrid structures that integrate features from sandwich structures, laminated composites, and FG materials. These hybrid systems, known as Hybrid FG-Sandwich Structures (HFGSS), combine the benefits of each individual component into a single, adaptable structure. The study introduces an innovative methodology that merges Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines with Finite Element analysis for probabilistic impact assessments. This approach assesses the stochastic dynamic responses of HFGSS by considering variables such as thickness, impact angle, twist angle, impactor mass density, impact location, and initial velocity. The research highlights the significant influence of parameter uncertainties on HFGSS behavior, emphasizing the necessity of incorporating these probabilistic elements into design analyses to ensure both safety and performance.