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<p>Conventional polyethylene waxes, when used as a slip agent, improve the handling and scratch resistance in coatings; however, they suffer gradual migration and surface loss over time. We propose, here, the synthesis of reactive wax-monomers that are capable of co-polymerizing within the UV-curable coatings to minimize these effects. In this work, two types of wax–urethane–acrylates, i.e., WA-I and WA-H, were synthesized separately by reacting isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) with cetyl alcohol (CA) and in the latter stage, introducing the acrylate functionality by end-capping the unreacted isocyanate group with hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). The reactions were monitored using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and the synthesized wax–urethane–acrylate monomers WA-I and WA-H were further characterized via proton nuclear magnetic resonance (<sup>1</sup>H NMR) and FTIR. Both WA-I and WA-H were diluted 50 wt.% with toluene before their use in UV-coating formulations as a slip agent. Finally, the influence of these additives on UV-coatings in terms of gloss, pH, viscosity, chemical resistance, and coefficient of friction (COF) values was further investigated. The results demonstrate that integrating WA-I and WA-H in UV coating formulations reduces surface friction coefficients, with WA-H exhibiting significantly superior slip performance than WA-I.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Synthesis of wax–urethane–acrylate monomers and their applications as a slip additive in UV-coatings

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月1日

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  • Muhammad Tayyab Niaz,
  • Sonia Zulfiqar,
  • Abdul Ghaffar

摘要

Conventional polyethylene waxes, when used as a slip agent, improve the handling and scratch resistance in coatings; however, they suffer gradual migration and surface loss over time. We propose, here, the synthesis of reactive wax-monomers that are capable of co-polymerizing within the UV-curable coatings to minimize these effects. In this work, two types of wax–urethane–acrylates, i.e., WA-I and WA-H, were synthesized separately by reacting isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) with cetyl alcohol (CA) and in the latter stage, introducing the acrylate functionality by end-capping the unreacted isocyanate group with hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). The reactions were monitored using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and the synthesized wax–urethane–acrylate monomers WA-I and WA-H were further characterized via proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and FTIR. Both WA-I and WA-H were diluted 50 wt.% with toluene before their use in UV-coating formulations as a slip agent. Finally, the influence of these additives on UV-coatings in terms of gloss, pH, viscosity, chemical resistance, and coefficient of friction (COF) values was further investigated. The results demonstrate that integrating WA-I and WA-H in UV coating formulations reduces surface friction coefficients, with WA-H exhibiting significantly superior slip performance than WA-I.

Graphical abstract