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<p>Steel structures are widely used in the construction of buildings and bridges; however, their fire safety performance faces many challenges. In an effort to develop an environmentally benign intumescent coating for steel substrates, a combination of biomass-containing flame-retardant ingredients and epoxy binder was designed in this study. The effects of various combinations of fillers on the thermal stability and fire retardancy of the coatings were characterized using thermogravimetric analysis, butane torch burner, and cone calorimeter. The integration of humic acid (HA)&#xa0;and as-synthesized ionic liquid–polyoxometalate (IL-POM)&#xa0;hybrid endowed the char residues with improved resistance to oxidation and higher thermal stability, leading to the best fire-protective performance. Thanks to the combination effect of fillers, the backside temperature of the coating was nearly 80&#xa0;°C lower than that of the coating (from 197 to 120&#xa0;°C) without HA and IL-POM (C2 coating) after the burning test, and the corresponding char yield at 800&#xa0;°C increased to 29.3% from 21.2% (thermogravimetric analysis), suggesting that the thermal stability and fire resistance were improved. Moreover, it achieved a lower peak heat release rate (− 83.8%), fire growth rate index (− 79.9%), and maximum average heat release rate (− 81.8%) in the cone calorimeter test as compared to C1 coating, accompanied by a more dense and cohesive surface residual char layer structure. The flame-retardant mechanism of the intumescent coating was systematically investigated via scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), Raman, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. In summary, this work provides a feasible and practical approach to resolve the problem of sustainability and efficiency of the intumescent coatings, showing potential applications in fire protection of steel structures.</p>

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Construction of an eco-friendly fire-protective coating for steel structures based on humic acid and ionic liquid–polyoxometalate hybrid

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月27日

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  • Fengju Shang,
  • Jiaqing Zhang,
  • Shuping Wang,
  • Yifeng Cheng,
  • Wenlong Shao,
  • Fei Xiao

摘要

Steel structures are widely used in the construction of buildings and bridges; however, their fire safety performance faces many challenges. In an effort to develop an environmentally benign intumescent coating for steel substrates, a combination of biomass-containing flame-retardant ingredients and epoxy binder was designed in this study. The effects of various combinations of fillers on the thermal stability and fire retardancy of the coatings were characterized using thermogravimetric analysis, butane torch burner, and cone calorimeter. The integration of humic acid (HA) and as-synthesized ionic liquid–polyoxometalate (IL-POM) hybrid endowed the char residues with improved resistance to oxidation and higher thermal stability, leading to the best fire-protective performance. Thanks to the combination effect of fillers, the backside temperature of the coating was nearly 80 °C lower than that of the coating (from 197 to 120 °C) without HA and IL-POM (C2 coating) after the burning test, and the corresponding char yield at 800 °C increased to 29.3% from 21.2% (thermogravimetric analysis), suggesting that the thermal stability and fire resistance were improved. Moreover, it achieved a lower peak heat release rate (− 83.8%), fire growth rate index (− 79.9%), and maximum average heat release rate (− 81.8%) in the cone calorimeter test as compared to C1 coating, accompanied by a more dense and cohesive surface residual char layer structure. The flame-retardant mechanism of the intumescent coating was systematically investigated via scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), Raman, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. In summary, this work provides a feasible and practical approach to resolve the problem of sustainability and efficiency of the intumescent coatings, showing potential applications in fire protection of steel structures.