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<p>Marine biofouling poses a significant global challenge, inflicting extensive damage on offshore structures and vessels, leading to substantial economic losses and environmental issues. Antifouling coatings have emerged as a primary solution, as they can form a long-lasting protective layer on surfaces, offer cost-effectiveness, and have a broad application range. Early developments in antifouling coatings included biocide-containing formulations, which effectively controlled biofouling but resulted in extensive non-target mortality, presenting enduring threats to human health and marine ecosystem stability. This has underscored an urgent need for eco-friendly, high-efficiency antifouling solutions. Despite the variety of approaches studied, a comprehensive solution to marine biofouling using coatings remains elusive. Therefore, the advancement of antifouling coatings continues to be a focus of ongoing research. This review synthesizes current findings, concisely outlining the adhesion mechanisms of marine biofouling organisms and key performance parameters for evaluating antifouling coatings. It also reviews the development status of major antifouling coating types and proposes future directions for antifouling coating research.</p>

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Strategies and challenges in marine antifouling coatings: current innovations and future outlook

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月3日

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  • Ruonan Hao,
  • Tiancui Li,
  • Xuan Zhou,
  • Wensi Guo,
  • Jian Liu,
  • Li Guo,
  • Yingcai Wang

摘要

Marine biofouling poses a significant global challenge, inflicting extensive damage on offshore structures and vessels, leading to substantial economic losses and environmental issues. Antifouling coatings have emerged as a primary solution, as they can form a long-lasting protective layer on surfaces, offer cost-effectiveness, and have a broad application range. Early developments in antifouling coatings included biocide-containing formulations, which effectively controlled biofouling but resulted in extensive non-target mortality, presenting enduring threats to human health and marine ecosystem stability. This has underscored an urgent need for eco-friendly, high-efficiency antifouling solutions. Despite the variety of approaches studied, a comprehensive solution to marine biofouling using coatings remains elusive. Therefore, the advancement of antifouling coatings continues to be a focus of ongoing research. This review synthesizes current findings, concisely outlining the adhesion mechanisms of marine biofouling organisms and key performance parameters for evaluating antifouling coatings. It also reviews the development status of major antifouling coating types and proposes future directions for antifouling coating research.