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<p>The valorisation of fishing discards, such as Atlantic mackerel (<i>Scomber scombrus</i>), presents a significant circular economy opportunity to recover high-quality, omega-3-rich fish oil. However, its application is restricted due to its high susceptibility to oxidation. The results on the development of fish oil oleogels using an emulsion-templated approach with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) to improve oxidative stability and functional properties are presented in this paper. Two emulsification protocols (oil wetting HPMC powder at 40 °C versus pre-hydrated HPMC at 25 °C) were evaluated under different initial drying thicknesses of the emulsion (1000 vs. 60 µm) and the incorporation of gallic acid (0.1% and 0.2% w/w) as an antioxidant agent. Oleogels prepared with pre-hydrated HPMC at 25 °C showed the best overall performance, with significantly higher oil binding capacity (&gt; 94%, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) while thin-film drying reduced thermal exposure time, minimising lipid degradation. The addition of 0.1% wt gallic acid successfully preserved oxidative stability without compromising the structural network, whereas a 0.2% wt content interfered with HPMC encapsulation, resulting in poor oil retention and increased oil oxidation, which can be attributed to competitive disruption of the HPMC–oil interfacial organisation. Overall, among the tested conditions, the combination of pre-hydrated HPMC, rapid thin-film drying, and 0.1% gallic acid yielded the best balance between oleogel structuring and oxidative stability, providing a promising strategy for marine by-product incorporation in the food industry.</p>

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Structural and Oxidative Properties of HPMC-Based Fish Oil Oleogels Produced by Emulsion-Template Protocols

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月20日

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  • Sofía Viciana-Mosquera,
  • Daniel Franco,
  • José Antonio Vázquez,
  • Jorge Sineiro,
  • Luis T. Antelo,
  • Ramon Moreira,
  • Amaya Franco-Uría

摘要

The valorisation of fishing discards, such as Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus), presents a significant circular economy opportunity to recover high-quality, omega-3-rich fish oil. However, its application is restricted due to its high susceptibility to oxidation. The results on the development of fish oil oleogels using an emulsion-templated approach with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) to improve oxidative stability and functional properties are presented in this paper. Two emulsification protocols (oil wetting HPMC powder at 40 °C versus pre-hydrated HPMC at 25 °C) were evaluated under different initial drying thicknesses of the emulsion (1000 vs. 60 µm) and the incorporation of gallic acid (0.1% and 0.2% w/w) as an antioxidant agent. Oleogels prepared with pre-hydrated HPMC at 25 °C showed the best overall performance, with significantly higher oil binding capacity (> 94%, p < 0.05) while thin-film drying reduced thermal exposure time, minimising lipid degradation. The addition of 0.1% wt gallic acid successfully preserved oxidative stability without compromising the structural network, whereas a 0.2% wt content interfered with HPMC encapsulation, resulting in poor oil retention and increased oil oxidation, which can be attributed to competitive disruption of the HPMC–oil interfacial organisation. Overall, among the tested conditions, the combination of pre-hydrated HPMC, rapid thin-film drying, and 0.1% gallic acid yielded the best balance between oleogel structuring and oxidative stability, providing a promising strategy for marine by-product incorporation in the food industry.