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<p>Global food waste challenges necessitate innovative packaging solutions enabling real-time freshness monitoring while extending shelf life through antimicrobial protection. This study valorized waste dragon fruit peel (WDFP), an abundant agricultural byproduct, into pH-responsive calcium alginate/glycerol (Ca-AlgG) films as multifunctional intelligent packaging materials. Three performance criteria were systematically evaluated: visually perceptible color transitions across food-relevant pH ranges (pH 5.0–9.0), broad-spectrum bactericidal efficacy against common food spoilage bacteria, and food contact safety with mammalian cells. The optimized formulation (0.8% CaCl₂-crosslinked, 15% glycerol-plasticized, 2% WDFP extract) exhibited robust dual functionality under the tested in-vitro and short-term real-food conditions. Films exhibited distinct colorimetric shifts from red-yellow at fresh food pH (5.0–6.5) to brownish tones during early spoilage (pH 7.0–7.4), and to greenish hues under advanced microbial spoilage conditions (pH 8.0–9.0), with color differences (ΔE* &gt; 15) exceeding the human perceptibility threshold. Antimicrobial testing revealed rapid bactericidal activity, achieving &gt; 99.99% reduction (&gt; 4 log₁₀, well above the 3-log₁₀ bactericidal threshold) within 12&#xa0;h against both Gram-positive (<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i>) and Gram-negative (<i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>) strains. Cytotoxicity assays with L929 fibroblasts indicated good cytocompatibility, with cell viability of 86.98 ± 2.10%, above the ISO 10993–5 non-cytotoxicity threshold (&gt; 70%). These findings establish proof-of-concept for transforming agricultural waste into high-value intelligent packaging materials that combine spoilage suppression with visible freshness indication, aligning with circular economy principles for the food industry. These results were obtained using aqueous, food-grade fabrication methods characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX), colorimetric analysis, and MTT cytotoxicity assay. Current limitations include the short (five-day) duration of the real-food trials, the use of fixed laboratory temperatures (4, 25, and 50&#xa0;°C) rather than variable distribution conditions, and the absence of migration testing per EU Regulation 10/2011. Future directions include extended real-food trials with perishable commodities (meat, shrimp, fish) under simulated distribution conditions (variable temperature, humidity, and light), migration testing of bioactive compounds into food simulants, and sustained-release optimization of the WDFP extract from the film matrix.</p>

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Valorization of Waste Dragon Fruit Peel into pH-Responsive Intelligent Packaging Films with Dual Colorimetric Freshness Monitoring and Antimicrobial Functions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月20日

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  • Chasuda Choipang,
  • Sonthaya Chaiarwut,
  • Chatvadee Kornsuthisopon,
  • Pitt Supaphol

摘要

Global food waste challenges necessitate innovative packaging solutions enabling real-time freshness monitoring while extending shelf life through antimicrobial protection. This study valorized waste dragon fruit peel (WDFP), an abundant agricultural byproduct, into pH-responsive calcium alginate/glycerol (Ca-AlgG) films as multifunctional intelligent packaging materials. Three performance criteria were systematically evaluated: visually perceptible color transitions across food-relevant pH ranges (pH 5.0–9.0), broad-spectrum bactericidal efficacy against common food spoilage bacteria, and food contact safety with mammalian cells. The optimized formulation (0.8% CaCl₂-crosslinked, 15% glycerol-plasticized, 2% WDFP extract) exhibited robust dual functionality under the tested in-vitro and short-term real-food conditions. Films exhibited distinct colorimetric shifts from red-yellow at fresh food pH (5.0–6.5) to brownish tones during early spoilage (pH 7.0–7.4), and to greenish hues under advanced microbial spoilage conditions (pH 8.0–9.0), with color differences (ΔE* > 15) exceeding the human perceptibility threshold. Antimicrobial testing revealed rapid bactericidal activity, achieving > 99.99% reduction (> 4 log₁₀, well above the 3-log₁₀ bactericidal threshold) within 12 h against both Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) strains. Cytotoxicity assays with L929 fibroblasts indicated good cytocompatibility, with cell viability of 86.98 ± 2.10%, above the ISO 10993–5 non-cytotoxicity threshold (> 70%). These findings establish proof-of-concept for transforming agricultural waste into high-value intelligent packaging materials that combine spoilage suppression with visible freshness indication, aligning with circular economy principles for the food industry. These results were obtained using aqueous, food-grade fabrication methods characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX), colorimetric analysis, and MTT cytotoxicity assay. Current limitations include the short (five-day) duration of the real-food trials, the use of fixed laboratory temperatures (4, 25, and 50 °C) rather than variable distribution conditions, and the absence of migration testing per EU Regulation 10/2011. Future directions include extended real-food trials with perishable commodities (meat, shrimp, fish) under simulated distribution conditions (variable temperature, humidity, and light), migration testing of bioactive compounds into food simulants, and sustained-release optimization of the WDFP extract from the film matrix.