<p>To address the challenges in the measurement accuracy of traditional visible/near-infrared spectroscopy for the quality evaluation of fruits and vegetables—caused by instrumental variability and environmental conditions—a systematic review of optical properties technology was presented in this paper. The principles, detection systems, and applications of four key optical property measurement technologies—integrating sphere (IS) spectroscopy, time-resolved (TR) spectroscopy, spatially resolved (SR) spectroscopy, and spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI)—were systematically analyzed, with an emphasis on their roles in defect detection, early damage assessment, quality prediction, and classification of fruits and vegetables. The current limitations and critical challenges of existing optical property measurement technologies were summarized, including the failure of diffusion approximation, structural heterogeneity, and non-standardized calibration protocols. In response to these challenges, targeted solutions and optimization strategies were proposed, such as compound correction algorithms, multidimensional adaptive modeling, and multi-technology integration approaches. This review aims to provide a comprehensive reference and innovative insights for optical property measurement technologies in the quality evaluation of fruits and vegetables, striving to enhance the accuracy and reliability of detection methods to ultimately support the development of advanced quality control systems and related detection equipment for modern agricultural produce.</p>