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<p><i>Trichoderma harzianum</i> (<i>T. harzianum</i>) infection causes black lesions and soft rot on the surface of <i>Agaricus bisporus (A. bisporus)</i>, resulting in severe postharvest deterioration. To elucidate the underlying defense mechanisms, <i>A. bisporus</i> fruiting bodies were inoculated with <i>T. harzianum</i> and analyzed through integrated physiological and transcriptomic approaches. The activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase), defense-related enzymes (chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase), and glutathione-associated enzymes (glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, and glutathione) significantly increased during the early infection stage. Transcriptome analysis identified 4530 differentially expressed genes, with upregulation of those involved in glutathione metabolism, glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway), the tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. These coordinated activations suggest that <i>A. bisporus</i> employs a defense network integrating energy metabolism, ROS detoxification, and MAPK-mediated signaling to enhance antioxidant capacity and resistance against <i>T. harzianum</i>. This study reveals a unique synergistic mechanism underlying the <i>A. bisporus–T. harzianum</i> interaction and provides a theoretical framework for developing green strategies for postharvest mushroom disease management.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Integrated Physiological and Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal the Defense Mechanism of Agaricus bisporus Against Trichoderma harzianum Infection

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月7日

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  • Jia Wang,
  • Jiali Han,
  • Yueyuan Li,
  • Xiangyou Wang,
  • Yanyin Guo,
  • Hiroaki Kitazawa,
  • Ling Li

摘要

Trichoderma harzianum (T. harzianum) infection causes black lesions and soft rot on the surface of Agaricus bisporus (A. bisporus), resulting in severe postharvest deterioration. To elucidate the underlying defense mechanisms, A. bisporus fruiting bodies were inoculated with T. harzianum and analyzed through integrated physiological and transcriptomic approaches. The activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase), defense-related enzymes (chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase), and glutathione-associated enzymes (glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, and glutathione) significantly increased during the early infection stage. Transcriptome analysis identified 4530 differentially expressed genes, with upregulation of those involved in glutathione metabolism, glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway), the tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. These coordinated activations suggest that A. bisporus employs a defense network integrating energy metabolism, ROS detoxification, and MAPK-mediated signaling to enhance antioxidant capacity and resistance against T. harzianum. This study reveals a unique synergistic mechanism underlying the A. bisporus–T. harzianum interaction and provides a theoretical framework for developing green strategies for postharvest mushroom disease management.

Graphical Abstract