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<p>Encapsulation of bioactive compounds from medicinal plants in yeast cells has attracted interest due to its biocompatibility and potential for delivering health-promoting substances, particularly unstable phenolics such as those from <i>Turnera subulata</i>, which are prone to degradation under oxidation, light, and moisture, limiting their bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. This study investigated the effect of ultrasound (US) treatment duration (5, 15, and 30&#xa0;min at 100 W, 40&#xa0;kHz) on the encapsulation efficiency of <i>T. subulata</i> extracts in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> and on cell viability. Both aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts were evaluated, with analyses encompassing viability, encapsulation efficiency, physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity, FTIR, SEM, particle size, color, and zeta potential. Mass transfer kinetics were modeled to quantify diffusion, while principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were applied to explore multivariate relationships. Key findings showed that aqueous extracts maximized cell viability and encapsulation efficiency (106.9% at 5&#xa0;min, 600&#xa0;J/mL), whereas hydroalcoholic extracts exhibited higher antioxidant activity (FRAP up to 1055&#xa0;mg EAA/100&#xa0;g). Mild US produced diffusion coefficients of 6.8 × 10<sup>−16</sup> m<sup>2</sup>/s (hydroalcoholic) and 1.5 × 10<sup>−16</sup> m<sup>2</sup>/s (aqueous), which decreased over tenfold with prolonged exposure. PCA (PC1: 73.2%, PC2: 22.1%; total 95.3%) identified FRAP, phenolics, and ABTS as main contributors, separating control from loaded samples, while HCA (Ward method) clustered TSE (dist. 3.8) and TSAq (dist. 6.5), confirming the influence of extract type on bioactivity and stability. These results indicate that US transiently enhances cell permeability but may compromise viability at excessive exposure, enabling optimized encapsulation and supporting scalable, sustainable delivery of bioactives in functional foods.</p>

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Mechanistic Insights into Ultrasound-Enhanced Encapsulation of Turnera subulata Extracts in Yeast: Diffusion Modeling and Functional Potential

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月3日

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  • Shênia Santos Monteiro,
  • Antônia Isabelly Monteiro dos Anjos,
  • Mikaelly Batista da Silva,
  • Suédina Maria de Lima Silva,
  • Marcus Vinícius Lia Fook,
  • Hugo Miguel Lisboa,
  • Matheus Augusto de Bittencourt Pasquali

摘要

Encapsulation of bioactive compounds from medicinal plants in yeast cells has attracted interest due to its biocompatibility and potential for delivering health-promoting substances, particularly unstable phenolics such as those from Turnera subulata, which are prone to degradation under oxidation, light, and moisture, limiting their bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. This study investigated the effect of ultrasound (US) treatment duration (5, 15, and 30 min at 100 W, 40 kHz) on the encapsulation efficiency of T. subulata extracts in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and on cell viability. Both aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts were evaluated, with analyses encompassing viability, encapsulation efficiency, physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity, FTIR, SEM, particle size, color, and zeta potential. Mass transfer kinetics were modeled to quantify diffusion, while principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were applied to explore multivariate relationships. Key findings showed that aqueous extracts maximized cell viability and encapsulation efficiency (106.9% at 5 min, 600 J/mL), whereas hydroalcoholic extracts exhibited higher antioxidant activity (FRAP up to 1055 mg EAA/100 g). Mild US produced diffusion coefficients of 6.8 × 10−16 m2/s (hydroalcoholic) and 1.5 × 10−16 m2/s (aqueous), which decreased over tenfold with prolonged exposure. PCA (PC1: 73.2%, PC2: 22.1%; total 95.3%) identified FRAP, phenolics, and ABTS as main contributors, separating control from loaded samples, while HCA (Ward method) clustered TSE (dist. 3.8) and TSAq (dist. 6.5), confirming the influence of extract type on bioactivity and stability. These results indicate that US transiently enhances cell permeability but may compromise viability at excessive exposure, enabling optimized encapsulation and supporting scalable, sustainable delivery of bioactives in functional foods.