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<p>With the growing demand for natural antioxidants and sustainable practices, agri-food by-products such as orange peel waste (OPW) have emerged as promising, low-cost, and underutilized sources of polyphenols. In this study, the antioxidant potential of OPW was investigated as influenced by the type of extraction solvents (six conventional, two green, and four deep eutectic solvents, DESs) and operational conditions (40&#xa0;°C/30&#xa0;min vs. 60&#xa0;°C/20&#xa0;min). The extracted bioactive compounds were analyzed for their total phenolic content (TPC) using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, while their polyphenol composition and quantification were determined by Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC). The antioxidant capacity was assessed via DPPH and ABTS assays. Results showed that deep eutectic solvents (DESs) significantly outperformed both green (GS) and conventional solvents (CS) (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), with ZnCl₂:Glucose (DES2) emerging as the most effective formulation. At 60&#xa0;°C/20&#xa0;min (optimal condition)<b>,</b> DES2 yielded the highest TPC (160.90 ± 0.16&#xa0;mg GAE/g extract), DPPH (92.26 ± 0.01%), and ABTS (74.23 ± 0.21%) values. Among CS and GS, ethanol and ethyl lactate were most effective, respectively. Temperature had a significant (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) effect on extraction efficiency, with consistently higher values obtained at 60&#xa0;°C. UHPLC analysis revealed hesperidin as the most abundant compound, followed by quercetin, naringin and caffeic acid derivatives. These findings highlight the potential of DESs, particularly ZnCl₂:Glucose, as sustainable and efficient alternatives for extracting high-value antioxidants from citrus by-products, contributing to waste valorization and supporting circular bioeconomy strategies<b>.</b></p>

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Enhanced Recovery of Antioxidants from Orange Peel Waste Using Sustainable Solvents: A Comparative Analysis of Solvent Systems and Operational Conditions Efficiency

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月3日

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  • Imen Zaghbib,
  • Ana M. Benítez González,
  • Carla M. Stinco,
  • Gabriela María Bulnes Vides,
  • Alberto Romero,
  • Johar Amin Ahmed Abdullah

摘要

With the growing demand for natural antioxidants and sustainable practices, agri-food by-products such as orange peel waste (OPW) have emerged as promising, low-cost, and underutilized sources of polyphenols. In this study, the antioxidant potential of OPW was investigated as influenced by the type of extraction solvents (six conventional, two green, and four deep eutectic solvents, DESs) and operational conditions (40 °C/30 min vs. 60 °C/20 min). The extracted bioactive compounds were analyzed for their total phenolic content (TPC) using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, while their polyphenol composition and quantification were determined by Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC). The antioxidant capacity was assessed via DPPH and ABTS assays. Results showed that deep eutectic solvents (DESs) significantly outperformed both green (GS) and conventional solvents (CS) (p < 0.05), with ZnCl₂:Glucose (DES2) emerging as the most effective formulation. At 60 °C/20 min (optimal condition), DES2 yielded the highest TPC (160.90 ± 0.16 mg GAE/g extract), DPPH (92.26 ± 0.01%), and ABTS (74.23 ± 0.21%) values. Among CS and GS, ethanol and ethyl lactate were most effective, respectively. Temperature had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on extraction efficiency, with consistently higher values obtained at 60 °C. UHPLC analysis revealed hesperidin as the most abundant compound, followed by quercetin, naringin and caffeic acid derivatives. These findings highlight the potential of DESs, particularly ZnCl₂:Glucose, as sustainable and efficient alternatives for extracting high-value antioxidants from citrus by-products, contributing to waste valorization and supporting circular bioeconomy strategies.