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<p>Exercise-induced fatigue has become a public health concern, adversely affecting both general well-being and workplace productivity. Litchi seeds, a by-product of litchi processing, are rich in bioactive compounds such as polyphenols. Polyphenols are regarded as important anti-fatigue substances due to their roles in enhancing exercise endurance and improving mitochondrial function. This study explored an eco-friendly and efficient approach to extract phenolic compounds from litchi seeds. The yield of litchi seed ethanol extract (LSEE) obtained through continuous phase transition extraction under low temperature (CPTE) was 1.46 times higher than that achieved by hot water extraction (HWE), with flavonoid polyphenols as the major components. Notably, CPTE effectively concentrated small-molecule phenolics from litchi seeds as evidenced by the fact that the molecular weights of the phenolic substances extracted by CPTE primarily fall within the range of 100 ~ 300&#xa0;Da, including 12 major flavonoid species and five phenolic acid species. A two-dimensional evaluation model for exercise fatigue was established using <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> under acute exercise and regular training. LSEE improved exercise endurance in <i>C. elegans</i> by approximately 58.1%, reduced muscle fiber damage, promoted glycogenolysis, and increased adenosine triphosphate levels to support muscle activity. The PA30 obtained through separation and purification was analyzed, and 14 larger polyphenols (150–550&#xa0;Da) were identified. Through analysis and comparison, the five polyphenols (catechin, phlorizin, astringin, 3-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid, and p-coumaric acid) were found to have strong anti-fatigue activity. These five polyphenols are presumably the main anti-fatigue compounds in PA30. This study supports natural anti-fatigue product development and sustainable litchi seed utilization.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Green and Efficient Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Litchi Seeds using Novel Continuous Phase Transition Extraction Under Low Temperature and their Anti-fatigue Activities

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月6日

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  • Chunyan Wu,
  • Jieqi Liu,
  • Ruina Xu,
  • Qiao Qin,
  • Suxiang Li,
  • Yong Cao,
  • Zuanxian Su,
  • Yunjiao Chen

摘要

Exercise-induced fatigue has become a public health concern, adversely affecting both general well-being and workplace productivity. Litchi seeds, a by-product of litchi processing, are rich in bioactive compounds such as polyphenols. Polyphenols are regarded as important anti-fatigue substances due to their roles in enhancing exercise endurance and improving mitochondrial function. This study explored an eco-friendly and efficient approach to extract phenolic compounds from litchi seeds. The yield of litchi seed ethanol extract (LSEE) obtained through continuous phase transition extraction under low temperature (CPTE) was 1.46 times higher than that achieved by hot water extraction (HWE), with flavonoid polyphenols as the major components. Notably, CPTE effectively concentrated small-molecule phenolics from litchi seeds as evidenced by the fact that the molecular weights of the phenolic substances extracted by CPTE primarily fall within the range of 100 ~ 300 Da, including 12 major flavonoid species and five phenolic acid species. A two-dimensional evaluation model for exercise fatigue was established using Caenorhabditis elegans under acute exercise and regular training. LSEE improved exercise endurance in C. elegans by approximately 58.1%, reduced muscle fiber damage, promoted glycogenolysis, and increased adenosine triphosphate levels to support muscle activity. The PA30 obtained through separation and purification was analyzed, and 14 larger polyphenols (150–550 Da) were identified. Through analysis and comparison, the five polyphenols (catechin, phlorizin, astringin, 3-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid, and p-coumaric acid) were found to have strong anti-fatigue activity. These five polyphenols are presumably the main anti-fatigue compounds in PA30. This study supports natural anti-fatigue product development and sustainable litchi seed utilization.

Graphical Abstract