<p>Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) represents a category of secondary metabolites exhibiting extreme toxicity and potent carcinogenicity, thereby posing a severe and substantial threat to both food safety and human health. Conventional detection approaches suffer from drawbacks such as elevated costs, intricate operational procedures, and extended detection durations. Aptasensors have attracted much attention in AFB1 detection due to the high affinity and selectivity of aptamers, and the unique physicochemical properties of nanomaterials can significantly enhance the sensor performance. This paper first summarizes the classification of commonly used nanomaterials in sensors and their properties. Furthermore, it places emphasis on providing a comprehensive review of the operational mechanisms and practical applications of nanomaterial-based sensors, including optical, electrochemical, and photoelectrochemical platforms, as well as dual-mode detection systems, for AFB1 analysis in recent studies. Compared with most previous reviews, this paper focuses on and clarifies the advantages of dual-mode sensors, which enhance the anti-interference capability and detection reliability of sensors through the synergistic integration of multiple signals, making up for the deficiencies in the analysis of this field in previous reviews. Lastly, this paper offers a prospect of the challenges and future development trends concerning aptasensors in aflatoxin detection, thereby providing a reference for the innovation of food safety monitoring technologies.</p>