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<p>In the study, the effects of whole egg powder (WEP) on a xanthan gum (XG)-lotus root starch (LRS) composite system for 3D printing applications were investigated. Additionally, a functional food ink was developed by incorporating chondroitin sulfate under optimal conditions. The results indicated that the gels exhibited favorable viscoelastic properties at a concentration of 1% WEP, featuring a denser structure that restricted the movement of chondroitin sulfate (CS), thereby enhancing its uniform dispersion and efficacy. 3D printing tests revealed that samples containing 1% WEP closely matched the specified model dimensions, with an error margin of less than 2&#xa0;mm. Electronic nose analysis showed that WEP enhanced the ink’s aroma profile, while color difference analysis indicated a minimal impact on color before and after printing. After 4&#xa0;weeks of administration, swelling was reduced by 9.03% in the high-dose group compared to the osteoarthritis (OA) group. Serum levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) exhibited significant alterations, indicating that functional pet treats may alleviate the inflammatory state associated with osteoarthritis by promoting an anti-inflammatory response. This research highlights WEP as a promising material for 3D printing and expands its applications in the development of functional foods.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Regulatory Effect of Whole Egg Powder on the 3D Printing of Xanthan Gum and Lotus Root Starch Hydrogel and the Application of Encapsulated Chondroitin Sulfate

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月9日

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  • Xu Han,
  • Yufan Sun,
  • Abdul Qayum,
  • Qiufang Liang,
  • Arif Rashid,
  • Lin Lin,
  • Mingming Zhong,
  • Yuxuan Liu,
  • Baoguo Xu,
  • Xiangyu Lin,
  • Fahad Al-Asmari,
  • Haile Ma,
  • Xiaofeng Ren

摘要

In the study, the effects of whole egg powder (WEP) on a xanthan gum (XG)-lotus root starch (LRS) composite system for 3D printing applications were investigated. Additionally, a functional food ink was developed by incorporating chondroitin sulfate under optimal conditions. The results indicated that the gels exhibited favorable viscoelastic properties at a concentration of 1% WEP, featuring a denser structure that restricted the movement of chondroitin sulfate (CS), thereby enhancing its uniform dispersion and efficacy. 3D printing tests revealed that samples containing 1% WEP closely matched the specified model dimensions, with an error margin of less than 2 mm. Electronic nose analysis showed that WEP enhanced the ink’s aroma profile, while color difference analysis indicated a minimal impact on color before and after printing. After 4 weeks of administration, swelling was reduced by 9.03% in the high-dose group compared to the osteoarthritis (OA) group. Serum levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) exhibited significant alterations, indicating that functional pet treats may alleviate the inflammatory state associated with osteoarthritis by promoting an anti-inflammatory response. This research highlights WEP as a promising material for 3D printing and expands its applications in the development of functional foods.

Graphical Abstract