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<p>Lettuce (<i>Lactuca sativa</i> L.), a widely consumed and easy-to-grow plant available year-round, stands out for its red/purple varieties, which are notable for their anthocyanin pigmentation. Studies generally focus on identifying compounds in these plants and not on extraction techniques. This study evaluated the levels of total monomeric anthocyanins (TMA), anthocyanin recovery (AR), antioxidant potential, and sun protection factor (SPF) of red/purple lettuce. The extracts were obtained through four extraction techniques: heating-stirring extraction (HSE), ultrasound (UAE), microwave (MAE), and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) at three temperatures (30, 50, and 70&#xa0;°C). The anthocyanin-rich extract defined from the previous analyses (AR, antioxidant potential, and SPF) was then subjected to cytotoxicity analysis for L929 cells and antiproliferative activity. The alternative methods (UAE, MAE, and PLE) showed better results in most analyses, with PLE standing out with an AR of up to 88.0%, about 11.8% more than MAE, 21.6% more than UAE, and 23.1% more than HSE. The extract obtained by PLE also showed greater antioxidant potential (894–1073&#xa0;µmol TE/g for DPPH, 1242–1395&#xa0;µmol TE/g for ABTS, and 290–308&#xa0;µmol TE/g for FRAP) and SPF (30.8–33.4), which is associated with a higher content of bioactive compounds. According to Path2Green metric, PLE method was the most environmentally friendly, followed by MAE, HSE, and UAE. As the PLE extract had a higher anthocyanin level, the sample did not show cytotoxicity for L929 cells within 48&#xa0;h. It showed antiproliferative activity for C6 cells, highlighting the extract obtained at 30&#xa0;°C with metabolic activity between 63 and 68%. Due to their photoprotective effects, the purple/red lettuce extracts showed great potential for application, mainly in cosmetic formulations.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Red Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Extracts Obtained by Sustainable Techniques as an Unexplored Source of Anthocyanins: Color, In Vitro Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, and Antitumoral Properties

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月4日

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  • Mayara Kuasnei,
  • Eduardo Leonarski,
  • Débora Gabriela Guidolin,
  • Laís Benvenutti,
  • Mauro Dartora,
  • Karina Cesca,
  • Débora de Oliveira,
  • Acácio Antonio Ferreira Zielinski

摘要

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), a widely consumed and easy-to-grow plant available year-round, stands out for its red/purple varieties, which are notable for their anthocyanin pigmentation. Studies generally focus on identifying compounds in these plants and not on extraction techniques. This study evaluated the levels of total monomeric anthocyanins (TMA), anthocyanin recovery (AR), antioxidant potential, and sun protection factor (SPF) of red/purple lettuce. The extracts were obtained through four extraction techniques: heating-stirring extraction (HSE), ultrasound (UAE), microwave (MAE), and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) at three temperatures (30, 50, and 70 °C). The anthocyanin-rich extract defined from the previous analyses (AR, antioxidant potential, and SPF) was then subjected to cytotoxicity analysis for L929 cells and antiproliferative activity. The alternative methods (UAE, MAE, and PLE) showed better results in most analyses, with PLE standing out with an AR of up to 88.0%, about 11.8% more than MAE, 21.6% more than UAE, and 23.1% more than HSE. The extract obtained by PLE also showed greater antioxidant potential (894–1073 µmol TE/g for DPPH, 1242–1395 µmol TE/g for ABTS, and 290–308 µmol TE/g for FRAP) and SPF (30.8–33.4), which is associated with a higher content of bioactive compounds. According to Path2Green metric, PLE method was the most environmentally friendly, followed by MAE, HSE, and UAE. As the PLE extract had a higher anthocyanin level, the sample did not show cytotoxicity for L929 cells within 48 h. It showed antiproliferative activity for C6 cells, highlighting the extract obtained at 30 °C with metabolic activity between 63 and 68%. Due to their photoprotective effects, the purple/red lettuce extracts showed great potential for application, mainly in cosmetic formulations.

Graphical Abstract