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<p>Betalains, a water-soluble nitrogenous pigment that are known to be biological markers for different plant species within the order <i>Caryophyllales</i>, appear to be useful non-toxic colorants for smart packaging technologies. The aim of this review is to describe the developments in the design of biodegradable intelligent packaging (IP) systems based on betalains for the quality monitoring of fish, shrimps, and meat products, specifically focusing on freshness and spoilage indicators. Betalains exhibit color changes under varying pH conditions, particularly alkaline conditions, and pH-responsive properties, and can be extracted from amaranth, beetroot, or dragon fruit; thus, they are suitable for colorimetric tool development. Biopolymer-based matrices have been identified as suitable carriers for incorporating betalains using techniques such as casting, extrusion, and electrospinning. These films also used amines, pH indicators, and temperature activity to indicate whether the food was still edible, giving buyer’s sense while increasing the time period for which their fruitful food could last. This review paper encompasses processes for obtaining and purifying betacyanins, materials for membrane fabrication, and nanomembrane production techniques. Furthermore, various combinations of mechanical strength, moisture content, water vapor permeability (WVP), water contact angle (WCA), water solubility, time–temperature sensitivity, and tensile strength (TS) of betacyanin-based films have been investigated. The emphasis is particularly on an innovative approach to minimize losses in protein-rich foods, such as fish, shrimp, chicken, and pork, which demarcates the parameters of betalain-based standards.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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A Review on Intelligent Packaging Systems Using Betalain-rich Biobased Composite Films in Monitoring Freshness of Fish, Shrimp, and Meat

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月9日

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  • Om Sunil Ingale,
  • Priya Pravin Bora,
  • Prashant Anil Pawase,
  • Omar Bashir,
  • Rafeeya Shams,
  • Swapnil R. Patharkar,
  • Swarup Roy

摘要

Betalains, a water-soluble nitrogenous pigment that are known to be biological markers for different plant species within the order Caryophyllales, appear to be useful non-toxic colorants for smart packaging technologies. The aim of this review is to describe the developments in the design of biodegradable intelligent packaging (IP) systems based on betalains for the quality monitoring of fish, shrimps, and meat products, specifically focusing on freshness and spoilage indicators. Betalains exhibit color changes under varying pH conditions, particularly alkaline conditions, and pH-responsive properties, and can be extracted from amaranth, beetroot, or dragon fruit; thus, they are suitable for colorimetric tool development. Biopolymer-based matrices have been identified as suitable carriers for incorporating betalains using techniques such as casting, extrusion, and electrospinning. These films also used amines, pH indicators, and temperature activity to indicate whether the food was still edible, giving buyer’s sense while increasing the time period for which their fruitful food could last. This review paper encompasses processes for obtaining and purifying betacyanins, materials for membrane fabrication, and nanomembrane production techniques. Furthermore, various combinations of mechanical strength, moisture content, water vapor permeability (WVP), water contact angle (WCA), water solubility, time–temperature sensitivity, and tensile strength (TS) of betacyanin-based films have been investigated. The emphasis is particularly on an innovative approach to minimize losses in protein-rich foods, such as fish, shrimp, chicken, and pork, which demarcates the parameters of betalain-based standards.

Graphical Abstract