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<p>In the current study, a new agar-gelatin composite packaging film was produced by gelatin, which was successfully extracted from the Talang queenfish (<i>Scomberoides commersonnianus</i>) waste, and agar, which was extracted from the native Persian Gulf algae (<i>Gracilaria corticate</i>). Moreover, zinc oxide nanoparticles were added to the agar-gelatin composite films to improve the antimicrobial effect of the packaging film. The treatments included fish gelatin (G), agar (A), agar-gelatin composite film (AG), and AG film containing 2.5 and 5% zinc oxide nanoparticles (AGZnO5 and AGZnO2.5). The results of the mechanical properties of the film showed that the tensile strength (TS) in the composite film and the film containing ZnO nanoparticles decreased (from 3.6 Mp in G film to 0.1 in AGZnO2.5), while the elongation at break (E%) increased (31 ± 0.1% in AGZnO2.5) (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05). The solubility (as physical properties) of the AG film was higher than that of A and G films, while the permeability to water vapor results showed the highest amount in the A film (6.1 ± 0.1 gmm/hmm<sup>2</sup>kpa × 10<sup>−13</sup>). However, adding ZnO nanoparticles to the composite film significantly decreased the solubility (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05). The most color changes were also observed in AG film with ZnO nanoparticles (10.34 ± 1.01). According to SEM images, adding zinc oxide nanoparticles to the films did not have a significant effect on the appearance of the film. In addition, the effect of different treatments on inhibiting the growth of <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>, and <i>Bacillus cereus</i> showed that the composite film containing 5% zinc oxide had the highest antibacterial properties. The results demonstrated that gelatin from Talang queenfish waste and agar from <i>Gracilaria</i> algae have a superior ability to form biodegradable films, and the usage of ZnO nanoparticles in the composite agar-gelatin film improves some physical and mechanical properties, along with the antibacterial effect.</p>

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Effect of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on the Physical, Mechanical, and Antibacterial Properties of Active Packaging Films Based on Gracilaria corticata Agar and Fish Skin Gelatin

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月19日

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  • Maryam Mobarraei,
  • Sedigheh Babaei,
  • Mahmood Naseri,
  • Mina Esmaeili,
  • Marzieh Moosavi-Nasab

摘要

In the current study, a new agar-gelatin composite packaging film was produced by gelatin, which was successfully extracted from the Talang queenfish (Scomberoides commersonnianus) waste, and agar, which was extracted from the native Persian Gulf algae (Gracilaria corticate). Moreover, zinc oxide nanoparticles were added to the agar-gelatin composite films to improve the antimicrobial effect of the packaging film. The treatments included fish gelatin (G), agar (A), agar-gelatin composite film (AG), and AG film containing 2.5 and 5% zinc oxide nanoparticles (AGZnO5 and AGZnO2.5). The results of the mechanical properties of the film showed that the tensile strength (TS) in the composite film and the film containing ZnO nanoparticles decreased (from 3.6 Mp in G film to 0.1 in AGZnO2.5), while the elongation at break (E%) increased (31 ± 0.1% in AGZnO2.5) (P < 0.05). The solubility (as physical properties) of the AG film was higher than that of A and G films, while the permeability to water vapor results showed the highest amount in the A film (6.1 ± 0.1 gmm/hmm2kpa × 10−13). However, adding ZnO nanoparticles to the composite film significantly decreased the solubility (P < 0.05). The most color changes were also observed in AG film with ZnO nanoparticles (10.34 ± 1.01). According to SEM images, adding zinc oxide nanoparticles to the films did not have a significant effect on the appearance of the film. In addition, the effect of different treatments on inhibiting the growth of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus cereus showed that the composite film containing 5% zinc oxide had the highest antibacterial properties. The results demonstrated that gelatin from Talang queenfish waste and agar from Gracilaria algae have a superior ability to form biodegradable films, and the usage of ZnO nanoparticles in the composite agar-gelatin film improves some physical and mechanical properties, along with the antibacterial effect.