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<p>The ultrasound-assisted synthesis of OPO-based structured lipids, a potential human milk fat substitute, was explored through a two-step chemoenzymatic esterification in solvent-free conditions, employing ultrasound as a green and energy-efficient intensification strategy. Optimized conditions for enzymatic esterification using lipase B (CAL B) from <i>Candida antarctica</i> achieved a 96.3% conversion using a 2:1 molar ratio of oleic acid to glycerol, 3% enzyme loading, 60&#xa0;°C, 40 W ultrasonic power, 50% duty cycle, and 60&#xa0;min of ultrasound pretreatment. For Amberlyst-15-catalyzed esterification, a 96.6% conversion was attained in 70&#xa0;min of reaction under a 1:1 molar ratio of 1,3-diglyceride to palmitic acid, 4% catalyst loading, 70&#xa0;°C, 150 W ultrasonic power, and 70% duty cycle. The ultrasound-assisted process significantly reduced reaction times from 15 to 8&#xa0;h for enzymatic esterification and from 7.2&#xa0;h to 70&#xa0;min for Amberlyst-15-catalyzed esterification, along with a 1.77-fold and 5.7-fold increase in the kinetic rate constants due to the use of ultrasound compared to the conventional approach. The method achieved an 82% yield of OPO triglyceride, as determined by GC-FID analysis. Importantly, the ultrasound-assisted method demonstrated superior energy efficiency, consuming 1695.09&#xa0;kJ compared to 2856.98&#xa0;kJ for the conventional process, representing a 40.6% reduction in energy usage. The recyclability study revealed that CAL B retained 74% of its activity after nine cycles, while Amberlyst-15 exhibited only a 6% decrease. SEM images indicated that CAL B beads were more susceptible to ultrasonic exposure than Amberlyst-15. TGA analysis demonstrated that oxidative degradation of the synthesized OPO occurred at a lower rate under an inert atmosphere. Overall, the study showcases ultrasound as a powerful tool for enhancing the chemoenzymatic synthesis of OPO-based designer lipids.</p>

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Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of OPO-Based Structured Lipids Using Two-Step Chemoenzymatic Esterification for Human Milk Fat Substitution

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月8日

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  • Viraj N. Khasgiwale,
  • Jyotsna T. Waghmare,
  • Parag R. Gogate

摘要

The ultrasound-assisted synthesis of OPO-based structured lipids, a potential human milk fat substitute, was explored through a two-step chemoenzymatic esterification in solvent-free conditions, employing ultrasound as a green and energy-efficient intensification strategy. Optimized conditions for enzymatic esterification using lipase B (CAL B) from Candida antarctica achieved a 96.3% conversion using a 2:1 molar ratio of oleic acid to glycerol, 3% enzyme loading, 60 °C, 40 W ultrasonic power, 50% duty cycle, and 60 min of ultrasound pretreatment. For Amberlyst-15-catalyzed esterification, a 96.6% conversion was attained in 70 min of reaction under a 1:1 molar ratio of 1,3-diglyceride to palmitic acid, 4% catalyst loading, 70 °C, 150 W ultrasonic power, and 70% duty cycle. The ultrasound-assisted process significantly reduced reaction times from 15 to 8 h for enzymatic esterification and from 7.2 h to 70 min for Amberlyst-15-catalyzed esterification, along with a 1.77-fold and 5.7-fold increase in the kinetic rate constants due to the use of ultrasound compared to the conventional approach. The method achieved an 82% yield of OPO triglyceride, as determined by GC-FID analysis. Importantly, the ultrasound-assisted method demonstrated superior energy efficiency, consuming 1695.09 kJ compared to 2856.98 kJ for the conventional process, representing a 40.6% reduction in energy usage. The recyclability study revealed that CAL B retained 74% of its activity after nine cycles, while Amberlyst-15 exhibited only a 6% decrease. SEM images indicated that CAL B beads were more susceptible to ultrasonic exposure than Amberlyst-15. TGA analysis demonstrated that oxidative degradation of the synthesized OPO occurred at a lower rate under an inert atmosphere. Overall, the study showcases ultrasound as a powerful tool for enhancing the chemoenzymatic synthesis of OPO-based designer lipids.