Immunotherapeutic and Targeted Strategies for Managing Brain Metastases from Common Cancer Origins: A State-of-the-Art Review

This review examines contemporary strategies for managing brain metastases (BM) from common cancers such as lung, breast, and melanoma. We evaluate the efficacy and applicability of targeted therapies and immunotherapies, exploring their potential to cross the blood–brain barrier and improve patient outcomes.

Recent studies have shown that tyrosine kinase inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and ADCs effectively treat BM. These treatments can overcome the challenges posed by the blood–brain barrier and improve therapeutic outcomes. ADCs are promising because they can deliver cytotoxic agents directly to tumor cells, which reduces systemic toxicity and increases drug delivery efficiency to the brain. Personalized medicine is becoming increasingly significant in treatment decisions, with biomarkers playing an essential role. Advances in molecular genetics and drug development have led to more refined treatments, emphasizing the precision medicine framework.

The management of BM is evolving, driven by drug efficacy, resistance mechanisms, and the need for personalized medicine. Integrating ADCs into treatment regimens represents a significant advancement in targeting metastatic brain tumors. Despite these advances, BM management still presents considerable challenges, requiring ongoing research and multi-institutional trials to optimize therapeutic strategies. This review outlines the current state and future directions in treating BM, highlighting the critical need for continued innovation and comprehensive clinical evaluations to improve survival rates and quality of life for affected patients.