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Purpose of Review <p>This review aims to provide an update on the recently discovered clade Ib of mpox virus, which has led to the second-time declaration of Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) by the World Health Organization (WHO) in August 2024. We highlight the role of travel in mpox spread and focus specifically on updates in clinical presentation, outcomes, treatment and prevention through vaccination.</p> Recent Findings <p>From January 1, 2022 through December 31, 2024, approximately 125,000 cases of laboratory-confirmed mpox cases have been reported to WHO from 128-member states. Genomic analyses have identified mpox virus clades I (Ia, Ib) and clade II (IIa, IIb). The global mpox clade IIb outbreak that originated in 2022 in West Africa is ongoing and has been associated with over 100,000 cases in 122 countries. In the meantime, clade Ib, first recognized in 2024 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo where clade Ia is also circulating, has been most frequently identified in Central Africa. During 2024, among about 25,000 laboratory-confirmed cases of mpox, &gt; 50% occurred in locations with only clade I circulation. Clade I of mpox has been associated with a higher case fatality rate than clade II, but clade Ib appears to be generally milder than Ia. Direct non-sexual transmission has been appreciated, which have led to outbreaks in families and communities. Travel-related spread of clade Ib with importation into non-endemic countries has been documented, prompting consideration of vaccination again.</p> Summary <p>Clade Ib of the mpox virus is an emerging threat with potential international ramifications that necessitate expedited efforts and resources to prevent another global outbreak. Travel plays a significant role in spread of mpox virus and we highlight the need for increased efforts around vaccination in this specific population.</p>

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Global Travel and Mpox: Clinical and Preventive Updates

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月29日

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  • Sufian Abdel Hafez,
  • Conor Stack,
  • Kathleen Miller,
  • Lin H Chen

摘要

Purpose of Review

This review aims to provide an update on the recently discovered clade Ib of mpox virus, which has led to the second-time declaration of Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) by the World Health Organization (WHO) in August 2024. We highlight the role of travel in mpox spread and focus specifically on updates in clinical presentation, outcomes, treatment and prevention through vaccination.

Recent Findings

From January 1, 2022 through December 31, 2024, approximately 125,000 cases of laboratory-confirmed mpox cases have been reported to WHO from 128-member states. Genomic analyses have identified mpox virus clades I (Ia, Ib) and clade II (IIa, IIb). The global mpox clade IIb outbreak that originated in 2022 in West Africa is ongoing and has been associated with over 100,000 cases in 122 countries. In the meantime, clade Ib, first recognized in 2024 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo where clade Ia is also circulating, has been most frequently identified in Central Africa. During 2024, among about 25,000 laboratory-confirmed cases of mpox, > 50% occurred in locations with only clade I circulation. Clade I of mpox has been associated with a higher case fatality rate than clade II, but clade Ib appears to be generally milder than Ia. Direct non-sexual transmission has been appreciated, which have led to outbreaks in families and communities. Travel-related spread of clade Ib with importation into non-endemic countries has been documented, prompting consideration of vaccination again.

Summary

Clade Ib of the mpox virus is an emerging threat with potential international ramifications that necessitate expedited efforts and resources to prevent another global outbreak. Travel plays a significant role in spread of mpox virus and we highlight the need for increased efforts around vaccination in this specific population.