Exploring the Potential of Farnesol as a Novel Antifungal Drug and Related Challenges

Farnesol (FOH) is a quorum-sensing molecule with potential as an antifungal drug. Given the growing concern about fungal drug resistance, exploring new solutions is crucial. Therefore, summarizing the antifungal activity of FOH is expected to be the basis for further FOH research and application. Herein, we reviewed the in vitro and in vivo antifungal efficacy of FOH alone and in combination with conventional antifungal drugs, as well as its mechanisms of action. Furthermore, we discussed the prospects and challenges of the FOH application in detail.

Recent studies have revealed that FOH can target various aspects, such as reactive oxygen species production, induction of apoptosis, and modulation of virulence factors, to inhibit fungal growth and reduce fungal pathogenicity, thereby exerting its antifungal activity. Furthermore, FOH can suppress resistance-associated genes, such as those of biofilm and ergosterol, so as to enhance the fungicidal effectiveness of conventional antifungal drugs. However, the action mechanism of FOH on drug efflux pumps remains unclear and warrants further investigation.

FOH can prevent and treat fungal infections. It exerts significant antimicrobial effects on fungal planktonic and biofilm cells, enhances the antimicrobial efficacy of conventional antifungal drugs, and reverses and reduces fungal drug resistance. However, further in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to assess the safety of FOH due to potential adverse effects on immune cells and other factors.