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<p>This study examines the effect of police uniform on officers’ use of force and types of force during stop-question-frisks in New York City. Data were obtained from the New York Police Department (NYPD) website covering the period from 2017 to 2023 (<i>N</i> = 76,354) and analyzed using multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression tests. The findings indicate that wearing police uniform significantly increased the likelihood of any use of force. Additionally, except for handcuff usage, police uniform was significantly associated with a higher likelihood of employing less-lethal weapons, followed by firearms, restraint, and other force types. The results suggest that police uniform influences officers’ use of force and types of force.</p>

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The Effect of Police Uniforms on Use of Force and Types of Force

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月3日

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  • Mustafa Demir

摘要

This study examines the effect of police uniform on officers’ use of force and types of force during stop-question-frisks in New York City. Data were obtained from the New York Police Department (NYPD) website covering the period from 2017 to 2023 (N = 76,354) and analyzed using multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression tests. The findings indicate that wearing police uniform significantly increased the likelihood of any use of force. Additionally, except for handcuff usage, police uniform was significantly associated with a higher likelihood of employing less-lethal weapons, followed by firearms, restraint, and other force types. The results suggest that police uniform influences officers’ use of force and types of force.