Purpose of Review <p>The purpose of this review is to provide an updated overview of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based regenerative therapies in atherosclerosis. We aim to explore the mechanisms, recent advancements, and challenges associated with MSC applications in treating atherosclerosis.</p> Recent Findings <p>Recent studies highlight the potential of MSCs in modulating inflammation, promoting vascular repair, and reducing plaque formation in atherosclerosis. Novel approaches, such as hypoxia-conditioned MSCs and combination therapies with biomaterials, have shown promising results in preclinical models.</p> Summary <p> This review concludes that MSC-based therapies hold significant promise for treating atherosclerosis, but further clinical trials are needed to validate their safety and efficacy. Future research should focus on optimizing MSC delivery methods and understanding long-term outcomes.</p> Graphical Abstract <p> (A) Intramyocardial injection of MSCs has been shown to reduce plaque size in atherosclerosis. (B) The effects of MSC therapy on ischemic tissue occur via paracrine signals, in which MSCs produce chemicals such as PDGF, VEGF, FGF, HGF, TGF-β, and hGFG, which stimulate the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis).</p> <p></p>