Purpose of Review <p>Ultrasound-targeted microbubble cavitation (UTMC) has emerged as a transformative non-invasive technology in diagnostic imaging, therapy, and targeted gene and drug delivery. As UTMC advances toward clinical translation, understanding its impact on fundamental cellular functions is essential.</p> Recent Findings <p>Recent studies on UTMC have provided insights into its effects on biological processes. These include transient membrane opening and resealing (sonoporation), calcium ion (Ca²⁺) influx, generation of free radicals, nitric oxide synthesis, cytoskeletal remodeling, inter-endothelial gap formation, gene expression changes, and neuroinflammation.</p> Summary <p>This review explores the mechanisms underlying UTMC, with a focus on ultrasound-targeted microbubble cavitation and its bioeffects on cellular function. We examine the molecular processes induced by cavitation, including sonoporation and Ca²⁺ influx, and highlight their effects on key biological processes.</p>