BPS/IC and Vulvodynia: A Comprehensive Review of Laser Treatments and Common Pathophysiological Pathways

This review examines laser therapy for bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC) and vulvodynia, focusing on efficacy, mechanisms, and common pathophysiological pathways.

Studies show promising results for non-ablative Er:YAG and Nd:YAG lasers in treating vulvodynia and associated conditions in BPS/IC patients. Ho:YAG laser demonstrates potential for Hunner's lesions. Histological improvements and symptom relief have been reported. Research highlights shared pathophysiological mechanisms between BPS/IC and vulvodynia, including mast cell involvement, neurogenic inflammation, and central sensitization. Furthermore, machine learning-based clustering analysis has identified novel subtypes of BPS/IC.

Laser therapy shows potential in managing BPS/IC and vulvodynia, with evidence suggesting common underlying mechanisms. Larger, long-term studies are needed to establish efficacy, safety, and optimal protocols, as well as to further elucidate shared pathophysiological pathways. The author proposes developing personalized medicine approaches using regular clustering analysis and artificial intelligence, which may lead to adaptive treatment strategies based on patients' changing symptom profiles.