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<p>Fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) is one of the environmental risk factors threatening human health. Many epidemiological studies have revealed the close relationships between PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure and cause-specific mortality in urban areas globally while majority of them analyzed health impacts across all concentration levels. South Korea, one of the countries suffering from severe PM<sub>2.5</sub> pollution, has invested substantial budgets and made comprehensive, cross-governmental efforts to reduce ambient PM<sub>2.5</sub>. As a result, the average PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations in the country have considerably decreased over the past decade. However, a close investigation into health impacts is required, despite the decrease in PM<sub>2.5</sub> mass concentrations given that no evidence suggests the existence of a safe PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure level. South Korea implements a PM<sub>2.5</sub> alert system since 2015 to mitigate adverse health impacts on its population. Under this system, alerts are lifted when concentrations fall below 35&#xa0;µg/m³, a value significantly higher than the World Health Organization’s guideline of 5&#xa0;µg/m³. Given this context, the present study investigated the associations between PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure and mortality, specifically examining concentrations below 35&#xa0;µg/m³. The findings of our study showed that the impacts of PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure on mortality still exist even at moderate PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations while PM<sub>2.5</sub> chemical species significantly associated with mortality vary by region. Our results highlight the need for continued air quality improvements, particularly for region-specific constituents.</p>

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Health impacts of PM2.5 exposure at moderate concentrations (below 35 µg/m3)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月1日

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  • Sangcheol Kim,
  • Pyeolnim Park

摘要

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is one of the environmental risk factors threatening human health. Many epidemiological studies have revealed the close relationships between PM2.5 exposure and cause-specific mortality in urban areas globally while majority of them analyzed health impacts across all concentration levels. South Korea, one of the countries suffering from severe PM2.5 pollution, has invested substantial budgets and made comprehensive, cross-governmental efforts to reduce ambient PM2.5. As a result, the average PM2.5 concentrations in the country have considerably decreased over the past decade. However, a close investigation into health impacts is required, despite the decrease in PM2.5 mass concentrations given that no evidence suggests the existence of a safe PM2.5 exposure level. South Korea implements a PM2.5 alert system since 2015 to mitigate adverse health impacts on its population. Under this system, alerts are lifted when concentrations fall below 35 µg/m³, a value significantly higher than the World Health Organization’s guideline of 5 µg/m³. Given this context, the present study investigated the associations between PM2.5 exposure and mortality, specifically examining concentrations below 35 µg/m³. The findings of our study showed that the impacts of PM2.5 exposure on mortality still exist even at moderate PM2.5 concentrations while PM2.5 chemical species significantly associated with mortality vary by region. Our results highlight the need for continued air quality improvements, particularly for region-specific constituents.