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<p>Atmospheric deposition of potentially toxic elements in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) was assessed using the moss <i>Hypnum cupressiforme</i> as a biomonitor. Moss samples were collected from 44 urban and rural sites across BiH, and concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), which adds elemental information about the samples surface characterization. Statistical evaluation included non-parametric analysis, Spearman correlation, principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). Fe and Ni concentrations exceeded European median values in both urban and rural environments, while Cd and Pb remained lower or comparable to European levels. No statistically significant differences (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05) were observed between urban and rural sites, suggesting diffuse regional atmospheric deposition influenced by long-range transport. PCA and HCA identified three source components: a crustal/geogenic group with localized anthropogenic enrichment (Cu, Zn, Pb, Fe), a geogenic-industrial group (Cr, Ni), and a third group (Cd, Mn) with divergent, rather than shared, sources per EF analysis. SEM-EDS analysis confirmed the presence of aluminosilicate and mineral particles of crustal origin, which may derive from resuspended soil and road dust, as well as metal-bearing particles potentially associated with traffic emissions, particularly in urban areas. The results confirm the suitability of <i>Hypnum cupressiforme</i> as a biomonitor for assessing atmospheric metal deposition in the Western Balkans, supporting its continued application within national and European monitoring programmes.</p>

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Moss in situ biomonitoring technique for the assessment of air pollution by potentially toxic elements in urban and rural areas in Bosnia and Herzegovina

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月30日

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  • Emina Ramic,
  • S. Zero,
  • J. Huremovic

摘要

Atmospheric deposition of potentially toxic elements in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) was assessed using the moss Hypnum cupressiforme as a biomonitor. Moss samples were collected from 44 urban and rural sites across BiH, and concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), which adds elemental information about the samples surface characterization. Statistical evaluation included non-parametric analysis, Spearman correlation, principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). Fe and Ni concentrations exceeded European median values in both urban and rural environments, while Cd and Pb remained lower or comparable to European levels. No statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed between urban and rural sites, suggesting diffuse regional atmospheric deposition influenced by long-range transport. PCA and HCA identified three source components: a crustal/geogenic group with localized anthropogenic enrichment (Cu, Zn, Pb, Fe), a geogenic-industrial group (Cr, Ni), and a third group (Cd, Mn) with divergent, rather than shared, sources per EF analysis. SEM-EDS analysis confirmed the presence of aluminosilicate and mineral particles of crustal origin, which may derive from resuspended soil and road dust, as well as metal-bearing particles potentially associated with traffic emissions, particularly in urban areas. The results confirm the suitability of Hypnum cupressiforme as a biomonitor for assessing atmospheric metal deposition in the Western Balkans, supporting its continued application within national and European monitoring programmes.