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<p>Despite worldwide initiatives, air pollution remains a significant concern, especially in metropolitan cities like Guwahati. Road dust, a major pollutant sink, was collected from thirty locations across six land use zones. Toxic trace elements such as Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn were analyzed for geo-accumulation index (I<sub>geo</sub>), contamination factor (Cf), enrichment factor (EF), and human health risk assessment. Busy traffic zones had the highest concentrations of trace elements (11478&#xa0;mg/kg), while sensitive sites showed the lowest concentrations among all the various land use zones (4888&#xa0;mg/kg). National Highways and Busy Traffic zones exhibited Igeo values of 4–5, indicating extreme contamination. Cd had the highest contamination factor (Cf: 36; very high contamination) and enrichment factor (EF: 33.5; high enrichment) values across the city. Hazard Index (HI) values and Carcinogenic Risk (CR) values were higher in children (ΣHI = 17.18; ΣCR = 2.19E-04) than adults (ΣHI = 7.4; ΣCR = 1.37E-04) with ingestion as the major route of exposure. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) identified four major sources of these toxic trace elements: vehicular friction (35.27%), characterized primarily by elevated Pb, Ni, and Cr; industrial activities (29.61%), associated with Cd and Mn; open burning (25.14%), marked by Cu and Zn; and natural weathering processes (9.98%), dominated by Fe. This study highlights the need for urban planning and pollution control measures to protect public health and improve the quality of life in urban environments.</p>

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Source apportionment and human health risk assessment of toxic trace elements in urban road dust

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月20日

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  • Shilpi Mondal,
  • Koushik Uzir,
  • Pallavi Sharma

摘要

Despite worldwide initiatives, air pollution remains a significant concern, especially in metropolitan cities like Guwahati. Road dust, a major pollutant sink, was collected from thirty locations across six land use zones. Toxic trace elements such as Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn were analyzed for geo-accumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (Cf), enrichment factor (EF), and human health risk assessment. Busy traffic zones had the highest concentrations of trace elements (11478 mg/kg), while sensitive sites showed the lowest concentrations among all the various land use zones (4888 mg/kg). National Highways and Busy Traffic zones exhibited Igeo values of 4–5, indicating extreme contamination. Cd had the highest contamination factor (Cf: 36; very high contamination) and enrichment factor (EF: 33.5; high enrichment) values across the city. Hazard Index (HI) values and Carcinogenic Risk (CR) values were higher in children (ΣHI = 17.18; ΣCR = 2.19E-04) than adults (ΣHI = 7.4; ΣCR = 1.37E-04) with ingestion as the major route of exposure. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) identified four major sources of these toxic trace elements: vehicular friction (35.27%), characterized primarily by elevated Pb, Ni, and Cr; industrial activities (29.61%), associated with Cd and Mn; open burning (25.14%), marked by Cu and Zn; and natural weathering processes (9.98%), dominated by Fe. This study highlights the need for urban planning and pollution control measures to protect public health and improve the quality of life in urban environments.