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<p>Understanding the interaction between traffic congestion and air pollution is critical for designing effective Low Emission Zone (LEZ) in megacities, where air quality poses serious environmental and public health challenges. This study examines the spatiotemporal characteristics of major air pollutants in Jakarta and analyzes their relationship with traffic performance and public transport accessibility using Geographical Information System (GIS) analysis to identify priority locations for LEZ implementation. Spatial analysis indicates that nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) concentrations are highest in the urban core, carbon monoxide (CO) shows elevated levels in central area and the western–southern peripheral areas and fine particulate matter (PM₂.₅) is predominantly concentrated in the western and eastern peripheral areas. Sulphur dioxide (SO₂) is closely associated with industrial zones, particularly in North and East Jakarta. Seasonal analysis shows that NO₂, CO, and PM₂.₅ peak during the dry season, while SO₂ remains relatively stable. By integrating air pollutant distributions with traffic indicators, including Level of Service (LoS) and peak hour traffic volumes, areas experiencing severe congestion (LoS E–F) and dominated by motorcycles and light vehicles are identified as critical emission hotspots. An assessment of public transport accessibility further shows that many highly polluted and congested corridors are well served by mass transit systems and are characterized by mixed use urban functions. Based on a multi criteria evaluation incorporating air quality, traffic conditions, and transport accessibility, three priority LEZ locations are identified, primarily within Transit Oriented Development (TOD) areas. The proposed framework offers a robust, data driven basis for LEZ planning in megacities.</p>

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Linking traffic congestion, spatiotemporal pollutant patterns, and LEZ siting in a megacity: a case study of Jakarta

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月30日

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  • Meilia Dwi Ramdhani,
  • Hayati Sari Hasibuan,
  • Albertus Sulaiman

摘要

Understanding the interaction between traffic congestion and air pollution is critical for designing effective Low Emission Zone (LEZ) in megacities, where air quality poses serious environmental and public health challenges. This study examines the spatiotemporal characteristics of major air pollutants in Jakarta and analyzes their relationship with traffic performance and public transport accessibility using Geographical Information System (GIS) analysis to identify priority locations for LEZ implementation. Spatial analysis indicates that nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) concentrations are highest in the urban core, carbon monoxide (CO) shows elevated levels in central area and the western–southern peripheral areas and fine particulate matter (PM₂.₅) is predominantly concentrated in the western and eastern peripheral areas. Sulphur dioxide (SO₂) is closely associated with industrial zones, particularly in North and East Jakarta. Seasonal analysis shows that NO₂, CO, and PM₂.₅ peak during the dry season, while SO₂ remains relatively stable. By integrating air pollutant distributions with traffic indicators, including Level of Service (LoS) and peak hour traffic volumes, areas experiencing severe congestion (LoS E–F) and dominated by motorcycles and light vehicles are identified as critical emission hotspots. An assessment of public transport accessibility further shows that many highly polluted and congested corridors are well served by mass transit systems and are characterized by mixed use urban functions. Based on a multi criteria evaluation incorporating air quality, traffic conditions, and transport accessibility, three priority LEZ locations are identified, primarily within Transit Oriented Development (TOD) areas. The proposed framework offers a robust, data driven basis for LEZ planning in megacities.