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<p>Industrial emissions are a major source of airborne particulate matter (PM), particularly PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀, which are strongly associated with adverse respiratory and systemic health outcomes. Children are especially vulnerable due to smaller airway dimensions, higher ventilation rates relative to lung volume, and slower pulmonary clearance mechanisms. Quantifying age-specific respiratory deposition is therefore essential for accurate health risk assessment in polluted environments. In this study, the Multiple-Path Particle Dosimetry (MPPD, version 3.04) model was applied to estimate deposition and clearance characteristics of ambient PM₂.₅ (± 65.32&#xa0;µg/m³) and PM₁₀ (± 142.78&#xa0;µg/m³) representing the two-campaign summer average (June 2024 and June 2025 monitoring campaigns) measured at DAV School, Singrauli under realistic school-day exposure conditions in Singrauli, India, an industrial region dominated by coal-based activities. Simulations were conducted for two age groups: children (8 years) and young adults (21 years), incorporating measured PM concentrations, particle size characteristics, age-specific lung morphometry, and representative breathing scenarios. Model outputs included total and regional deposition fractions (head, tracheobronchial, and pulmonary), deposited mass, deposition mass per unit airway surface area, deposition mass rate, and post-exposure clearance kinetics. Results showed that children experienced consistently higher total and regional deposition than adults, with greater particle penetration into the tracheobronchial and pulmonary regions. Alveolar clearance was substantially slower in children, indicating prolonged particle residence in deep lung tissues. Overall, the findings demonstrate a higher internal particulate dose burden in children, underscoring their increased susceptibility to long-term respiratory and systemic health effects in industrially polluted settings. The study provides age-stratified dosimetric evidence to support targeted mitigation strategies, including improved air quality management and protective interventions for school environments.</p>

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Pediatric Vulnerability to Inhaled Particulate Matter in Singrauli’s Coal Energy Belt: A Dosimetric Assessment Using the Multiple-Path Particle Dosimetry (MPPD) Model

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月25日

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  • Bhupendra Kumar,
  • Naresh Chandra Gupta

摘要

Industrial emissions are a major source of airborne particulate matter (PM), particularly PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀, which are strongly associated with adverse respiratory and systemic health outcomes. Children are especially vulnerable due to smaller airway dimensions, higher ventilation rates relative to lung volume, and slower pulmonary clearance mechanisms. Quantifying age-specific respiratory deposition is therefore essential for accurate health risk assessment in polluted environments. In this study, the Multiple-Path Particle Dosimetry (MPPD, version 3.04) model was applied to estimate deposition and clearance characteristics of ambient PM₂.₅ (± 65.32 µg/m³) and PM₁₀ (± 142.78 µg/m³) representing the two-campaign summer average (June 2024 and June 2025 monitoring campaigns) measured at DAV School, Singrauli under realistic school-day exposure conditions in Singrauli, India, an industrial region dominated by coal-based activities. Simulations were conducted for two age groups: children (8 years) and young adults (21 years), incorporating measured PM concentrations, particle size characteristics, age-specific lung morphometry, and representative breathing scenarios. Model outputs included total and regional deposition fractions (head, tracheobronchial, and pulmonary), deposited mass, deposition mass per unit airway surface area, deposition mass rate, and post-exposure clearance kinetics. Results showed that children experienced consistently higher total and regional deposition than adults, with greater particle penetration into the tracheobronchial and pulmonary regions. Alveolar clearance was substantially slower in children, indicating prolonged particle residence in deep lung tissues. Overall, the findings demonstrate a higher internal particulate dose burden in children, underscoring their increased susceptibility to long-term respiratory and systemic health effects in industrially polluted settings. The study provides age-stratified dosimetric evidence to support targeted mitigation strategies, including improved air quality management and protective interventions for school environments.