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<p>The present study is carried out in four cities of Indo-Gangetic region of Bihar, India. The cities have been reported to have serious issues of air pollution, mainly due to population growth, urban development, and vehicle traffic increase. Ʃ16 PAH levels were higher in winter (49.3–275 ng/m³; median: 105 ng/m³) than in summer (29.9–176 ng/m³; median: 73.0 ng/m³). Three-ring PAH were the most abundant, making up about 54.0% in winter and 55.5% in summer, followed by 4-ring and 2-ring compounds. The PMF analysis indicated that biomass burning and fossil fuel combustion were the dominant contributors to PAH in the study area. Fugacity modelling further demonstrated clear seasonal variations in air–soil exchange dynamics. In summer, the soil tends to release PAH into the air, basically acting as a source. But when winter sets in, it switches and starts drawing those compounds in, behaving rather a sink. Winter also experienced increased PAH fluxes, with an average of 133 ng/m²/day, compared to 43.8 ng/m²/day in summer. Regarding BaPeq concentrations of Σ16 PAH in winter: Patna recorded 2.18 ng/m³, followed by 1.88 ng/m³ in Muzaffarpur, 1.77 ng/m³ in Bhagalpur, and 1.50 ng/m³ in Gaya Ji. In summer, values dropped to 1.28 ng/m³ in Patna, 1.37 ng/m³ in Muzaffarpur, 1.19 ng/m³ in Bhagalpur, and 1.07 ng/m³ in Gaya Ji. Benzo[a]pyrene contributed 35.7% to total BaPeq concentrations. Health risk assessment of PAH exposure across ingestion, dermal, and inhalation pathways revealed distinct seasonal, spatial, and age-specific patterns, with wintertime risks for children exceeding the U.S. EPA benchmark by nearly an order of magnitude.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in four urban cities of Bihar, India: occurrence, air–soil exchange patterns, and flux estimation using passive air sampling

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月19日

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  • Shreya Singh,
  • Ningombam Linthoingambi Devi

摘要

The present study is carried out in four cities of Indo-Gangetic region of Bihar, India. The cities have been reported to have serious issues of air pollution, mainly due to population growth, urban development, and vehicle traffic increase. Ʃ16 PAH levels were higher in winter (49.3–275 ng/m³; median: 105 ng/m³) than in summer (29.9–176 ng/m³; median: 73.0 ng/m³). Three-ring PAH were the most abundant, making up about 54.0% in winter and 55.5% in summer, followed by 4-ring and 2-ring compounds. The PMF analysis indicated that biomass burning and fossil fuel combustion were the dominant contributors to PAH in the study area. Fugacity modelling further demonstrated clear seasonal variations in air–soil exchange dynamics. In summer, the soil tends to release PAH into the air, basically acting as a source. But when winter sets in, it switches and starts drawing those compounds in, behaving rather a sink. Winter also experienced increased PAH fluxes, with an average of 133 ng/m²/day, compared to 43.8 ng/m²/day in summer. Regarding BaPeq concentrations of Σ16 PAH in winter: Patna recorded 2.18 ng/m³, followed by 1.88 ng/m³ in Muzaffarpur, 1.77 ng/m³ in Bhagalpur, and 1.50 ng/m³ in Gaya Ji. In summer, values dropped to 1.28 ng/m³ in Patna, 1.37 ng/m³ in Muzaffarpur, 1.19 ng/m³ in Bhagalpur, and 1.07 ng/m³ in Gaya Ji. Benzo[a]pyrene contributed 35.7% to total BaPeq concentrations. Health risk assessment of PAH exposure across ingestion, dermal, and inhalation pathways revealed distinct seasonal, spatial, and age-specific patterns, with wintertime risks for children exceeding the U.S. EPA benchmark by nearly an order of magnitude.

Graphical abstract