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<p>Tehran, Iran’s capital, faces significant air quality challenges, with surface ozone (O₃) being one of the most harmful pollutants to public health. This study simulates surface ozone concentrations during two high-ozone-concentration days in 2021 using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem). We compared outputs of the model with satellite observations from the TROPOMI (Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument), which is an advanced multispectral imaging spectrometer onboard the Sentinel-5P satellite. Statistical analysis between outputs of the model and ground stations showed high correlations for most stations, with values ranging from 0.42 to 0.96. ShadAbad and District 21 stations had the highest correlations (0.95 and 0.96), indicating strong agreement between model outputs and ground observations, while eastern stations showed lower correlations due to wind-driven ozone transport. The Formaldehyde-to-Nitrogen Dioxide ratio (FNR) analysis from satellite data confirmed that Tehran remains in a VOC-limited regime, where reducing volatile organic compounds would be more effective in controlling ozone pollution. Despite overall good model performance, the peak ozone concentrations were underestimated, attributed to outdated 2015 emission inventories. Root mean square errors (RMSE) ranged between 10.69 ppb and 47.46 ppb across the stations. This research highlights the importance of updated emission inventories and meteorological accuracy for improving air quality predictions and provides insights into the ozone pollution dynamics in Tehran.</p>

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Evaluating high-ozone concentration events in the megacity of Tehran, Iran using WRF-Chem simulations and satellite observations

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月19日

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  • Soroosh Roozitalab,
  • Khosro Ashrafi,
  • Amir Houshang Ehsani

摘要

Tehran, Iran’s capital, faces significant air quality challenges, with surface ozone (O₃) being one of the most harmful pollutants to public health. This study simulates surface ozone concentrations during two high-ozone-concentration days in 2021 using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem). We compared outputs of the model with satellite observations from the TROPOMI (Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument), which is an advanced multispectral imaging spectrometer onboard the Sentinel-5P satellite. Statistical analysis between outputs of the model and ground stations showed high correlations for most stations, with values ranging from 0.42 to 0.96. ShadAbad and District 21 stations had the highest correlations (0.95 and 0.96), indicating strong agreement between model outputs and ground observations, while eastern stations showed lower correlations due to wind-driven ozone transport. The Formaldehyde-to-Nitrogen Dioxide ratio (FNR) analysis from satellite data confirmed that Tehran remains in a VOC-limited regime, where reducing volatile organic compounds would be more effective in controlling ozone pollution. Despite overall good model performance, the peak ozone concentrations were underestimated, attributed to outdated 2015 emission inventories. Root mean square errors (RMSE) ranged between 10.69 ppb and 47.46 ppb across the stations. This research highlights the importance of updated emission inventories and meteorological accuracy for improving air quality predictions and provides insights into the ozone pollution dynamics in Tehran.