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<p>This study examines the decadal trends, source apportionment, and environmental implications of sulphur particulates in West Africa over the period from 1980 to 2024, including sulphur dioxide (SO₂), sulphate aerosols (SO₄²⁻), dimethyl sulfide (DMS), and fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>). Using NASA’s MERRA-2 reanalysis data and chemometric techniques, we analyzed spatiotemporal variability, oxidation pathways, and source contributions. SO₂ concentrations increased from 0.19&#xa0;µg/m³ in the 1980s to 0.26&#xa0;µg/m³ in the 2020s, while SO₄²⁻ ranged from 0.46 to 0.65&#xa0;µg/m³. DMS remained relatively low (0.0015–0.0071&#xa0;µg/m³) but showed variability linked to marine processes. PM₂.₅ levels were consistently high, peaking at 72.8&#xa0;µg/m³ in the 2000s. Source apportionment revealed anthropogenic bins (EM002, EM003) contributing over 59% across decades, with dry deposition and convective scavenging accounting for &gt; 20%. Residence time analysis indicated SO₂ removal was faster than SO₄²⁻, and Spearman correlations outperformed Pearson in capturing monotonic relationships. These findings highlight significant temporal variations driven by industrialization, biomass burning, and marine emissions, underscoring the need for integrated air quality management and policy interventions in West Africa.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Assessment of tropospheric sulphur particulates in West Africa Region (1980–2024): source apportionment and chemometrics

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月7日

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  • Daniel O. Omokpariola

摘要

This study examines the decadal trends, source apportionment, and environmental implications of sulphur particulates in West Africa over the period from 1980 to 2024, including sulphur dioxide (SO₂), sulphate aerosols (SO₄²⁻), dimethyl sulfide (DMS), and fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Using NASA’s MERRA-2 reanalysis data and chemometric techniques, we analyzed spatiotemporal variability, oxidation pathways, and source contributions. SO₂ concentrations increased from 0.19 µg/m³ in the 1980s to 0.26 µg/m³ in the 2020s, while SO₄²⁻ ranged from 0.46 to 0.65 µg/m³. DMS remained relatively low (0.0015–0.0071 µg/m³) but showed variability linked to marine processes. PM₂.₅ levels were consistently high, peaking at 72.8 µg/m³ in the 2000s. Source apportionment revealed anthropogenic bins (EM002, EM003) contributing over 59% across decades, with dry deposition and convective scavenging accounting for > 20%. Residence time analysis indicated SO₂ removal was faster than SO₄²⁻, and Spearman correlations outperformed Pearson in capturing monotonic relationships. These findings highlight significant temporal variations driven by industrialization, biomass burning, and marine emissions, underscoring the need for integrated air quality management and policy interventions in West Africa.

Graphical Abstract