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<p>This study investigated&#xa0;the exposure to fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) at residential dwellings in Dhaka, Bangladesh, with the goal of&#xa0;identifying its sources, and estimating the associated health hazards. Indoor PM<sub>2.5</sub> sampling was conducted in 6 households of urban Dhaka using a mini volume sampler. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to quantify six heavy metals in PM<sub>2.5</sub> loaded filters. The 24- hour average PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentration in Dhanmondi, Mirpur, Cantonment, Chankharpul, Uttara, and Bashundhara households were 123.0 ± 48.2, 123.0 ± 17.7, 96.3 ± 17.7, 96.3 ± 13.6, 84.8 ± 6.67, and 77.1 ± 6.68 µgm<sup>−3</sup>, respectively, all of which exceeded the WHO threshold. Average concentration of heavy metals followed the order: Zn (2201.0 ± 967.0 ngm<sup>−3</sup>) &gt; Fe (1489.0 ± 955.0 ngm<sup>−3</sup>) &gt; Pb (288.0 ± 137.0 ngm<sup>−3</sup>) &gt; Mn (182.0 ± 365.0 ngm<sup>−3</sup>) &gt; Cu (109.0 ± 92.7 ngm<sup>−3</sup>) &gt; Cr (73.1 ± 49.8 ngm<sup>−3</sup>). Enrichment factor analysis suggested anthropogenic emission of Cr, Pb, Cu, and Zn, whereas Mn and Fe probably had crustal origin. Four sources of indoor PM<sub>2.5</sub> were resolved by Positive Matrix Factorization- Zinc source (44.6%), mixed source (resuspended dust and fugitive lead) (32.9%), crustal sources (17.6%), and vehicular emission (4.8%). Non- carcinogenic risk among children was 2.18 times higher than that among adults. The total cancer risk was 5.18 × 10<sup>–4</sup>, implying that 1 in 1930 individuals in Dhaka might develop cancer in his lifetime. Since indoor air quality in Dhaka households was severely compromised, mass awareness should be raised, and policymakers should enact strict regulations to encourage resilient building designs.</p>

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Occurrence and risk assessment of indoor PM2.5- bound heavy metals at residential homes in Dhaka, Bangladesh

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月5日

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  • Samiha Nahian,
  • Farah Jeba,
  • Tasrina Rabia Choudhury,
  • Shatabdi Roy,
  • Bilkis Ara Begum,
  • Hiroto Kawashima,
  • Abdus Salam

摘要

This study investigated the exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) at residential dwellings in Dhaka, Bangladesh, with the goal of identifying its sources, and estimating the associated health hazards. Indoor PM2.5 sampling was conducted in 6 households of urban Dhaka using a mini volume sampler. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to quantify six heavy metals in PM2.5 loaded filters. The 24- hour average PM2.5 concentration in Dhanmondi, Mirpur, Cantonment, Chankharpul, Uttara, and Bashundhara households were 123.0 ± 48.2, 123.0 ± 17.7, 96.3 ± 17.7, 96.3 ± 13.6, 84.8 ± 6.67, and 77.1 ± 6.68 µgm−3, respectively, all of which exceeded the WHO threshold. Average concentration of heavy metals followed the order: Zn (2201.0 ± 967.0 ngm−3) > Fe (1489.0 ± 955.0 ngm−3) > Pb (288.0 ± 137.0 ngm−3) > Mn (182.0 ± 365.0 ngm−3) > Cu (109.0 ± 92.7 ngm−3) > Cr (73.1 ± 49.8 ngm−3). Enrichment factor analysis suggested anthropogenic emission of Cr, Pb, Cu, and Zn, whereas Mn and Fe probably had crustal origin. Four sources of indoor PM2.5 were resolved by Positive Matrix Factorization- Zinc source (44.6%), mixed source (resuspended dust and fugitive lead) (32.9%), crustal sources (17.6%), and vehicular emission (4.8%). Non- carcinogenic risk among children was 2.18 times higher than that among adults. The total cancer risk was 5.18 × 10–4, implying that 1 in 1930 individuals in Dhaka might develop cancer in his lifetime. Since indoor air quality in Dhaka households was severely compromised, mass awareness should be raised, and policymakers should enact strict regulations to encourage resilient building designs.