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<p>Ambient fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) has been associated with ophthalmic diseases; however, its seasonal variations remain insufficiently explored, particularly in cool climate regions. This time series investigated the association between short-term PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure and daily ophthalmic outpatient visits, as well as the potential seasonal variations and the mediating role of relative humidity in Dandong between 2016 and 2019. A total of 326,840 outpatient visit records were collected from two municipal hospitals. Generalized additive models (GAMs) were used to estimate the excess risk ratio (ERR<sub>10</sub>(%)) associated with a 10&#xa0;μg/m<sup>3</sup> increase in PM<sub>2.5</sub>, while mediation analysis was employed to assess the indirect effects mediated by relative humidity and temperature. A positive association was observed between PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure and daily ophthalmic outpatient visits. Based on 7-day moving averages, the ERR<sub>10</sub>(%) was 1.14 (95% CI: 0.39–1.89) at lag 0–3&#xa0;days and 1.05 (95% CI: 0.30–1.80) at lag 0–4&#xa0;days, exceeding those obtained from the 2-, 3-, and 5-day moving averages. Seasonal analysis revealed associations during the non-heating season, with ERR<sub>10</sub>(%) estimates reaching 2–4% at lag 0–3&#xa0;days, while weaker associations were detected during the heating season. Furthermore, relative humidity exhibited a partial mediating effect in the association between PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure and daily outpatient visits. These findings provide robust evidence of the short-term association between PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure and ophthalmic health in cool climate regions and highlight the need to include seasonal variation in risk assessments and target public health interventions.</p>

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The association between ambient Pm2.5 and daily outpatient visits of ophthalmic diseases in Dandong City, China

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月26日

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  • Jiewen Tan,
  • Guangcong Liu,
  • Li Sun,
  • Jinyue Gao,
  • Junlong Wang,
  • Tao Xie,
  • Zhaojun Guan,
  • Mu Huang,
  • Xinyang Hu,
  • Shu Wang,
  • Xiaoyi Liang,
  • Lianzheng Yu,
  • Guangying Liu

摘要

Ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been associated with ophthalmic diseases; however, its seasonal variations remain insufficiently explored, particularly in cool climate regions. This time series investigated the association between short-term PM2.5 exposure and daily ophthalmic outpatient visits, as well as the potential seasonal variations and the mediating role of relative humidity in Dandong between 2016 and 2019. A total of 326,840 outpatient visit records were collected from two municipal hospitals. Generalized additive models (GAMs) were used to estimate the excess risk ratio (ERR10(%)) associated with a 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5, while mediation analysis was employed to assess the indirect effects mediated by relative humidity and temperature. A positive association was observed between PM2.5 exposure and daily ophthalmic outpatient visits. Based on 7-day moving averages, the ERR10(%) was 1.14 (95% CI: 0.39–1.89) at lag 0–3 days and 1.05 (95% CI: 0.30–1.80) at lag 0–4 days, exceeding those obtained from the 2-, 3-, and 5-day moving averages. Seasonal analysis revealed associations during the non-heating season, with ERR10(%) estimates reaching 2–4% at lag 0–3 days, while weaker associations were detected during the heating season. Furthermore, relative humidity exhibited a partial mediating effect in the association between PM2.5 exposure and daily outpatient visits. These findings provide robust evidence of the short-term association between PM2.5 exposure and ophthalmic health in cool climate regions and highlight the need to include seasonal variation in risk assessments and target public health interventions.