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<p>During the last decade, the air quality in India has been a serious public health concern. Unfortunately, the most fertile Indo–Gangetic Plain&#xa0;(IGP) of India has been reported as one of the world’s most highly air polluted regions and it shelters more than a billion people. Alarmingly the average particulate matter with a diameter of ≤ 2.5&#xa0;µm (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) population exposure ranges between 75–100&#xa0;µg/m<sup>3</sup> which is much above the annual mean PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations set by National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS)-40&#xa0;µg/m<sup>3</sup>, India and the Air Quality Guideline (AQG)-5&#xa0;µg/m<sup>3</sup> recommended by World Health Organization (WHO). Source apportionment and characterization of PM<sub>2.5</sub>, though performed extensively, has remained largely unexplored in rural India. Health effects of ambient and household PM<sub>2.5</sub> pollution ranges from excess diseases to premature mortality mainly from Cardio Vascular Diseases (CVD), stroke, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD), and lung cancer. Besides, exposure to high level of PM<sub>2.5</sub> is associated with increased risk of reproductive failures, respiratory diseases, CVDs, type–2 diabetes, osteoporosis, kidney dysfunction, neurological disorders and cancer. Children, women and elderly people are at maximal risk of incurring PM<sub>2.5</sub>–associated morbidity and mortality. Despite these health concerns, India has witnessed limited research on the impact of PM<sub>2.5</sub> on molecular epidemiology associated with the human health effects. In this review we have attempted to give a comprehensive view of the health effects inflicted by PM<sub>2.5</sub> in India, the challenges confronted by the subcontinent and the remedial measures which may be adapted to reduce the disease burden.</p>

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Indian perspective of PM2.5 attributed human health hazards during 2010–2025

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月15日

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  • Sukanya Ghosh,
  • Dona Sinha

摘要

During the last decade, the air quality in India has been a serious public health concern. Unfortunately, the most fertile Indo–Gangetic Plain (IGP) of India has been reported as one of the world’s most highly air polluted regions and it shelters more than a billion people. Alarmingly the average particulate matter with a diameter of ≤ 2.5 µm (PM2.5) population exposure ranges between 75–100 µg/m3 which is much above the annual mean PM2.5 concentrations set by National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS)-40 µg/m3, India and the Air Quality Guideline (AQG)-5 µg/m3 recommended by World Health Organization (WHO). Source apportionment and characterization of PM2.5, though performed extensively, has remained largely unexplored in rural India. Health effects of ambient and household PM2.5 pollution ranges from excess diseases to premature mortality mainly from Cardio Vascular Diseases (CVD), stroke, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD), and lung cancer. Besides, exposure to high level of PM2.5 is associated with increased risk of reproductive failures, respiratory diseases, CVDs, type–2 diabetes, osteoporosis, kidney dysfunction, neurological disorders and cancer. Children, women and elderly people are at maximal risk of incurring PM2.5–associated morbidity and mortality. Despite these health concerns, India has witnessed limited research on the impact of PM2.5 on molecular epidemiology associated with the human health effects. In this review we have attempted to give a comprehensive view of the health effects inflicted by PM2.5 in India, the challenges confronted by the subcontinent and the remedial measures which may be adapted to reduce the disease burden.