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<p>This study analyzes the PM<sub>10</sub> concentrations and their chemical composition, in terms of heavy and potential toxic elements (PTEs), from airborne dust samples collected in two cities (Zabol and Birjand) in east Iran during the dusty summer period. The sampling sites are located downwind of major dust sources in Central Asia and east Iran and the concurrent analysis allows to determine the impact of local dust upon a regional dusty background. PM<sub>10</sub> samples in both locations were mainly composed by Al, followed by Fe, Ti and Ca, while lower concentrations were found for PTEs like Pb, Zn, As, Cr, Ni, Cd, which however, may cause important environmental pollution, with increased values of geo-accumulation Index (I<sub>geo</sub>), enrichment factor (EF), Integrated Pollution Index (EPI) and Ecological Risk Index (ERI) under certain conditions. PM<sub>10</sub> concentration was much higher in Zabol (471.5&#xa0;µg m<sup>−3</sup>) compared to Birjand (102.7&#xa0;µg m<sup>−3</sup>), while the latter exhibited higher fraction of heavy metals to PM<sub>10</sub> mass due to increased anthropogenic emissions. Analysis of soil samples revealed similar chemical compositions, indicating that local deserts are the main source of airborne dust. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks were assessed for three exposure pathways (inhalation, ingestion and dermal contact), separately for children and adults. Non-carcinogenic inhalation risks were very high (Hazard Index: HI &gt; 1) both for children and adults (adult: 6.9; child: 5.2 in Birjand; adult: 7.6, child: 5.9 in Zabol), while ingestion also exhibits high health risks. High carcinogenic risks (&gt; 10<sup>−4</sup>) were found for the ingestion and inhalation pathways in both cities, mainly from As and Cr. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks for dermal contact were below the acceptable limits, but both atmospheric environments pose serious hazards for human health, with more deleterious effects in Zabol.</p>

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Heavy metal concentrations in PM10 samples and assessment of environmental and health impacts in windy and dusty environments in east Iran

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年1月17日

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  • Mohsen Farahi,
  • Ali Mohammadian Behbahani,
  • Hamid Reza Asgari,
  • Reza Dahmardeh Behrooz,
  • D. G. Kaskaoutis

摘要

This study analyzes the PM10 concentrations and their chemical composition, in terms of heavy and potential toxic elements (PTEs), from airborne dust samples collected in two cities (Zabol and Birjand) in east Iran during the dusty summer period. The sampling sites are located downwind of major dust sources in Central Asia and east Iran and the concurrent analysis allows to determine the impact of local dust upon a regional dusty background. PM10 samples in both locations were mainly composed by Al, followed by Fe, Ti and Ca, while lower concentrations were found for PTEs like Pb, Zn, As, Cr, Ni, Cd, which however, may cause important environmental pollution, with increased values of geo-accumulation Index (Igeo), enrichment factor (EF), Integrated Pollution Index (EPI) and Ecological Risk Index (ERI) under certain conditions. PM10 concentration was much higher in Zabol (471.5 µg m−3) compared to Birjand (102.7 µg m−3), while the latter exhibited higher fraction of heavy metals to PM10 mass due to increased anthropogenic emissions. Analysis of soil samples revealed similar chemical compositions, indicating that local deserts are the main source of airborne dust. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks were assessed for three exposure pathways (inhalation, ingestion and dermal contact), separately for children and adults. Non-carcinogenic inhalation risks were very high (Hazard Index: HI > 1) both for children and adults (adult: 6.9; child: 5.2 in Birjand; adult: 7.6, child: 5.9 in Zabol), while ingestion also exhibits high health risks. High carcinogenic risks (> 10−4) were found for the ingestion and inhalation pathways in both cities, mainly from As and Cr. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks for dermal contact were below the acceptable limits, but both atmospheric environments pose serious hazards for human health, with more deleterious effects in Zabol.