<p>Melanoma remains one of the most aggressive and treatment-resistant forms of skin cancer. Recent advances in immuno-oncology and molecular biology have revolutionized its management, putting immunotherapy at the top of novel therapeutic approaches. This study aims to explore the evolving role of immunotherapy in melanoma, with a focus on molecular targets, mechanisms of action, and the integration of precision medicine into clinical practice. Highly focused treatments have been developed as a result of significant genetic mutations, such as those in BRAF, NRAS, and KIT, as well as changes in signaling pathways, such as MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have become a mainstay treatment because they provide sustained therapeutic implications and greatly increase patient survival. Additionally, novel approaches like mRNA-based vaccinations and oncolytic viruses are expanding the range of therapeutic options. These advances have made it possible to move toward individualized treatment plans, which have improved long-term results and decreased toxicity. An important advancement in oncology, the incorporation of molecular profiling into routine melanoma care made immunotherapy a viable and sustainable cancer treatment option.</p>