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Objectives <p>The objective of this study is to investigates the potential of proenkephalin-A (PENK-A) as a marker of kidney impairment severity. as well as the association between PENK-A levels and histopathological features.</p> Methods <p>This cross-sectional study included 132 patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (DM) and diabetic kidney disease (DKD), of whom 30 had biopsy-confirmed diabetic nephropathy (DN).</p> Results <p>Among 132 patients with type 2 diabetes, the mean serum PENK-A level was 2.77 ± 0.71&#xa0;ng/mL, increasing to 2.99 ± 0.82&#xa0;ng/mL in those with biopsy-confirmed DN. Notably, elevated PENK-A levels were associated with longer diabetes duration, presence of diabetic retinopathy, albuminuria, reduced kidney function, higher DN class, increased IFTA score, and greater interstitial inflammation. Furthermore, PENK-A levels facilitated the identification of advanced CKD stage G3b, macroalbuminuria, DN class IV, IFTA score 3, and elevated interstitial inflammation scores.</p> Conclusions <p>Patients with DN exhibited higher serum PENK-A levels, which correlated with diabetes duration, diabetic retinopathy, kidney function, proteinuria, DN class, IFTA, and interstitial inflammation scores. Therefore, PENK-A may serve as a biomarker for advanced kidney damage and severe DN.</p>

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Serum proenkephalin-A as a potential biomarker for assessing renal impairment severity in diabetic kidney disease

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月14日

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  • Shahad Taha Mahmood Aliwi,
  • Ekhlas Abdallah Hassan

摘要

Objectives

The objective of this study is to investigates the potential of proenkephalin-A (PENK-A) as a marker of kidney impairment severity. as well as the association between PENK-A levels and histopathological features.

Methods

This cross-sectional study included 132 patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (DM) and diabetic kidney disease (DKD), of whom 30 had biopsy-confirmed diabetic nephropathy (DN).

Results

Among 132 patients with type 2 diabetes, the mean serum PENK-A level was 2.77 ± 0.71 ng/mL, increasing to 2.99 ± 0.82 ng/mL in those with biopsy-confirmed DN. Notably, elevated PENK-A levels were associated with longer diabetes duration, presence of diabetic retinopathy, albuminuria, reduced kidney function, higher DN class, increased IFTA score, and greater interstitial inflammation. Furthermore, PENK-A levels facilitated the identification of advanced CKD stage G3b, macroalbuminuria, DN class IV, IFTA score 3, and elevated interstitial inflammation scores.

Conclusions

Patients with DN exhibited higher serum PENK-A levels, which correlated with diabetes duration, diabetic retinopathy, kidney function, proteinuria, DN class, IFTA, and interstitial inflammation scores. Therefore, PENK-A may serve as a biomarker for advanced kidney damage and severe DN.