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<p>Indigenous Chinese discourses on spiritual matters speak to the importance of location, whether this is marking a site where spiritual energies can concentrate or creating a space where agitated energies can come to rest. Various location-based practices to cultivate such energies focus on the numinous aspects of local environments (i.e., the local gods), the spectral forces at gravesites and ancestral shrines, and the spiritual capacities of living human beings. Such discourses and practices contextualize possible connections between “god” and “consciousness” via Chinese cosmological models that place moral self-cultivation and spiritual self-deification on a spectrum. This essay thereby opens up a larger discussion of the practice of philosophy as a “spiritual exercise” and “way of life.”</p>

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Ghosts, Gods, and Spirits: Chinese Discourses on Self-Cultivation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月20日

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  • Leah Kalmanson

摘要

Indigenous Chinese discourses on spiritual matters speak to the importance of location, whether this is marking a site where spiritual energies can concentrate or creating a space where agitated energies can come to rest. Various location-based practices to cultivate such energies focus on the numinous aspects of local environments (i.e., the local gods), the spectral forces at gravesites and ancestral shrines, and the spiritual capacities of living human beings. Such discourses and practices contextualize possible connections between “god” and “consciousness” via Chinese cosmological models that place moral self-cultivation and spiritual self-deification on a spectrum. This essay thereby opens up a larger discussion of the practice of philosophy as a “spiritual exercise” and “way of life.”