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<p>Coherent supersonic jets (CSJs) have been widely used in the electric arc furnace (EAF) process because they have a higher coherent length than supersonic jets. The primary purpose of oxygen jets is to decarburize liquid steel; however, they can also play a significant role in the mixing conditions of molten steel. This study investigates the effects of varying flow rates and the jet's horizontal angle on the penetration depth, impact area, molten steel velocity, and dead zone volume in a 100-ton EAF. A piecewise CFD methodology was employed, combining single-phase simulations of CSJ with a three-phase volume-of-fluid (VOF) model to analyze jet-molten bath interactions. Simulations revealed that increasing oxygen flow rates increases jet penetration depth, impinging area, and molten bath velocity, while reducing dead zones. Elevated flow also intensified turbulence near the jet impact zone and improved circulation in the EBT region, enhancing heat and mass transfer. These results show that optimizing oxygen flow rate can significantly improve stirring efficiency and metallurgical performance in industrial EAF operation. Using dimensional analysis, a new equation has been developed to predict the jet penetration depth.</p>

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Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Oxygen Lance Flow Rate and Horizontal Angle on the Jet Penetration Depth in the EAF

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月26日

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  • Ma Minghao,
  • Samuel Fornah,
  • A. N. Conejo

摘要

Coherent supersonic jets (CSJs) have been widely used in the electric arc furnace (EAF) process because they have a higher coherent length than supersonic jets. The primary purpose of oxygen jets is to decarburize liquid steel; however, they can also play a significant role in the mixing conditions of molten steel. This study investigates the effects of varying flow rates and the jet's horizontal angle on the penetration depth, impact area, molten steel velocity, and dead zone volume in a 100-ton EAF. A piecewise CFD methodology was employed, combining single-phase simulations of CSJ with a three-phase volume-of-fluid (VOF) model to analyze jet-molten bath interactions. Simulations revealed that increasing oxygen flow rates increases jet penetration depth, impinging area, and molten bath velocity, while reducing dead zones. Elevated flow also intensified turbulence near the jet impact zone and improved circulation in the EBT region, enhancing heat and mass transfer. These results show that optimizing oxygen flow rate can significantly improve stirring efficiency and metallurgical performance in industrial EAF operation. Using dimensional analysis, a new equation has been developed to predict the jet penetration depth.