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<p>Graphene, a two-dimensional carbon material with a honeycomb lattice structure, has garnered extensive research interest since its isolation in 2004. However, its transition from laboratory to industrial application remains constrained by the&#xa0;"impossible triangle" of balancing high quality, low cost, and scalable production. This review critically examines the intrinsic tension between synthesis strategies and application demands, moving beyond a mere compilation of established knowledge to offer a&#xa0;problem-oriented perspective. We first dissect top–down and bottom–up synthesis approaches through the lens of the&#xa0;"cost–quality–yield" trade-off, arguing that the choice of method is fundamentally a decision-making process weighting defect tolerance, layer controllability, and economic viability against specific application scenarios. Subsequently, we re-evaluate the structure–property correlations of graphene, highlighting how deviations between theoretical predictions and practical performance—particularly in defect-scarred, mass-produced samples—inform the realistic boundaries of its applications in functional coatings, energy storage, and biomedicine. Finally, we extend our analysis to emerging frontiers, including smart textiles, advanced physical sensors, and next-generation biosensors, demonstrating graphene’s expanding role in system integration. We propose that future research should pivot from&#xa0;"performance characterization" toward "system integration,"&#xa0;advocating for application-oriented customization, multi-material synergistic design, and data-driven optimization as the pathways to unlock graphene’s true potential as an enabling platform for next-generation technologies.</p>

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Current Review on the Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Graphene: Insight from High-Quality Fabrication to Multifunctional Integration

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月29日

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  • Zheng Xu,
  • Xingyang He,
  • Ying Su,
  • Wei Chen,
  • Chuang Zhou,
  • Can Mei,
  • Chao Yang

摘要

Graphene, a two-dimensional carbon material with a honeycomb lattice structure, has garnered extensive research interest since its isolation in 2004. However, its transition from laboratory to industrial application remains constrained by the "impossible triangle" of balancing high quality, low cost, and scalable production. This review critically examines the intrinsic tension between synthesis strategies and application demands, moving beyond a mere compilation of established knowledge to offer a problem-oriented perspective. We first dissect top–down and bottom–up synthesis approaches through the lens of the "cost–quality–yield" trade-off, arguing that the choice of method is fundamentally a decision-making process weighting defect tolerance, layer controllability, and economic viability against specific application scenarios. Subsequently, we re-evaluate the structure–property correlations of graphene, highlighting how deviations between theoretical predictions and practical performance—particularly in defect-scarred, mass-produced samples—inform the realistic boundaries of its applications in functional coatings, energy storage, and biomedicine. Finally, we extend our analysis to emerging frontiers, including smart textiles, advanced physical sensors, and next-generation biosensors, demonstrating graphene’s expanding role in system integration. We propose that future research should pivot from "performance characterization" toward "system integration," advocating for application-oriented customization, multi-material synergistic design, and data-driven optimization as the pathways to unlock graphene’s true potential as an enabling platform for next-generation technologies.