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<p>This study reports the transformation of natural itabirite, an iron-rich mineral, into a nanostructured antibacterial material through high-energy ball milling without chemical modification. X-ray diffraction analysis identified quartz (53%), hematite (28%), and magnetite (19%) as the dominant mineral phases. Elemental analysis using SEM-EDX confirmed the presence of iron, silicon, and oxygen consistent with these phases. SEM demonstrated a successful reduction in particle size from microstructured powder to nanoscale particles with an average diameter of approximately 27&#xa0;nm. The antibacterial activity of both micro- and nanostructured itabirite was evaluated against four bacterial strains: <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, <i>Escherichia coli</i>, methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, and <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>. The nanostructured material exhibited markedly enhanced antibacterial activity compared with the microstructured form. At a concentration of 2.5&#xa0;mg/mL, the nanostructured itabirite achieved an activity index of 61.5% relative to tetracycline. The enhanced activity is attributed to the increased surface area and the release of iron species that promote oxidative stress in bacterial cells. These findings demonstrate that mechanical nanostructuring can convert an inactive mineral into a bioactive, environmentally compatible antibacterial material.</p>

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Conversion of a Natural and Inactive Itabirite Mineral into a Bioactive Nanostructured Eco-Friendly Antibacterial Agent

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月29日

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  • Abeer A. Alsuraihi

摘要

This study reports the transformation of natural itabirite, an iron-rich mineral, into a nanostructured antibacterial material through high-energy ball milling without chemical modification. X-ray diffraction analysis identified quartz (53%), hematite (28%), and magnetite (19%) as the dominant mineral phases. Elemental analysis using SEM-EDX confirmed the presence of iron, silicon, and oxygen consistent with these phases. SEM demonstrated a successful reduction in particle size from microstructured powder to nanoscale particles with an average diameter of approximately 27 nm. The antibacterial activity of both micro- and nanostructured itabirite was evaluated against four bacterial strains: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis. The nanostructured material exhibited markedly enhanced antibacterial activity compared with the microstructured form. At a concentration of 2.5 mg/mL, the nanostructured itabirite achieved an activity index of 61.5% relative to tetracycline. The enhanced activity is attributed to the increased surface area and the release of iron species that promote oxidative stress in bacterial cells. These findings demonstrate that mechanical nanostructuring can convert an inactive mineral into a bioactive, environmentally compatible antibacterial material.