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<p>This work presents a novel approach to rapidly and reversibly switch the wettability of tin on a tungsten surface via localized arc heating. Systematic investigation reveals that by modulating the arc current (20–55&#xa0;A), the contact angle of the tin droplet can be reversibly altered between approximately 120° (non-wetting state) and 20° (wetting state). A key finding is that the core capability for reversible wettability switching is preserved on both smooth and textured substrates: the contact angle versus current curves exhibit remarkable consistency between the pristine surface and laser-textured surfaces featuring micro-grooves (spacing: 100&#xa0;μm, depth: 10&#xa0;μm). Complementary characterization techniques, including XPS and spectroscopic ellipsometry, confirm the presence of a native WO<sub>3</sub> oxide layer (~50&#xa0;nm thick) on the substrate. This oxide layer remains stable under arc-induced thermal exposure, indicating that the wetting behavior primarily occurs at the tin/WO<sub>3</sub> interface rather than with metallic tungsten. SEM and EDS analyses further demonstrate the interface with no detectable interdiffusion or reaction. The primary mechanism governing the wettability transition is attributed to the solid-liquid phase change of tin and the associated variations in interfacial tension. Additionally, arc pressure scales quadratically with current and actively promotes spreading through mechanical action.</p>

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Reversibly Switchable Wettability of Tin on the Surface of Tungsten Regulated by Arc

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月24日

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  • Ran Sui,
  • Jinghuan Chang,
  • Qiaoli Lin

摘要

This work presents a novel approach to rapidly and reversibly switch the wettability of tin on a tungsten surface via localized arc heating. Systematic investigation reveals that by modulating the arc current (20–55 A), the contact angle of the tin droplet can be reversibly altered between approximately 120° (non-wetting state) and 20° (wetting state). A key finding is that the core capability for reversible wettability switching is preserved on both smooth and textured substrates: the contact angle versus current curves exhibit remarkable consistency between the pristine surface and laser-textured surfaces featuring micro-grooves (spacing: 100 μm, depth: 10 μm). Complementary characterization techniques, including XPS and spectroscopic ellipsometry, confirm the presence of a native WO3 oxide layer (~50 nm thick) on the substrate. This oxide layer remains stable under arc-induced thermal exposure, indicating that the wetting behavior primarily occurs at the tin/WO3 interface rather than with metallic tungsten. SEM and EDS analyses further demonstrate the interface with no detectable interdiffusion or reaction. The primary mechanism governing the wettability transition is attributed to the solid-liquid phase change of tin and the associated variations in interfacial tension. Additionally, arc pressure scales quadratically with current and actively promotes spreading through mechanical action.