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<p>Driven by the increasing demand for reliable and high-performance integrated circuits, controlling grain orientation and microstructure of tin-based materials serving as electronic interconnect mechanical supports has become critically important. This work develops a phase field model to investigate the influence of an applied magnetic field on nucleation, growth, and orientation evolution of tin grains. The numerical model explicitly incorporates magnetic free energy contributions and captures the development of crystallographic texture under realistic processing conditions. Without a magnetic field, grains exhibit largely random orientations, while its presence induces pronounced preferential alignment, with <i>c</i>-axes tending to orient perpendicular to the magnetic field. Temporal analysis of magnetic free energy reveals progressive selection of low-energy orientations and spatial homogenization of energy density, driving the observed texture formation. Quantitative assessment indicates that grains oriented at 90<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(^\circ \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mrow /> <mo>∘</mo> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> possess substantially lower magnetic free energy than those at 0<InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(^\circ \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mrow /> <mo>∘</mo> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, explaining the dominance of the preferential alignment. These findings provide mechanistic insight into magnetic field-driven texture evolution in tin and suggest external magnetic fields can serve as an effective tool for strategically controlling grain alignment, thereby enhancing the reliability of electronic interconnects.</p>

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Magnetic Field-Driven Preferential Grain Growth and Orientation Evolution in Tin for Electronic Interconnects

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月17日

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  • Shuibao Liang,
  • Cheng Wei,
  • Han Jiang,
  • Xin-Ping Zhang

摘要

Driven by the increasing demand for reliable and high-performance integrated circuits, controlling grain orientation and microstructure of tin-based materials serving as electronic interconnect mechanical supports has become critically important. This work develops a phase field model to investigate the influence of an applied magnetic field on nucleation, growth, and orientation evolution of tin grains. The numerical model explicitly incorporates magnetic free energy contributions and captures the development of crystallographic texture under realistic processing conditions. Without a magnetic field, grains exhibit largely random orientations, while its presence induces pronounced preferential alignment, with c-axes tending to orient perpendicular to the magnetic field. Temporal analysis of magnetic free energy reveals progressive selection of low-energy orientations and spatial homogenization of energy density, driving the observed texture formation. Quantitative assessment indicates that grains oriented at 90 \(^\circ \) ∘ possess substantially lower magnetic free energy than those at 0 \(^\circ \) ∘ , explaining the dominance of the preferential alignment. These findings provide mechanistic insight into magnetic field-driven texture evolution in tin and suggest external magnetic fields can serve as an effective tool for strategically controlling grain alignment, thereby enhancing the reliability of electronic interconnects.