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<p>This study investigates the electrochemical reduction of TiO<sub>2</sub> in yttrium-containing molten salts (CaCl<sub>2</sub>–KCl–YCl<sub>3</sub>/YF<sub>3</sub> and MgCl<sub>2</sub>–YCl<sub>3</sub>) at 1173&#xa0;K. Thermodynamic analyses confirm that YCl<sub>3</sub> effectively lowers oxide ion activity, enhancing the driving force for deoxidation. However, electrolysis experiments revealed that 8&#xa0;h of electrolysis led to a notable decrease in reduction efficiency (current efficiency below 30%) upon the addition of YCl<sub>3</sub> and YF<sub>3</sub> to the CaCl<sub>2</sub>–KCl salt, primarily due to byproduct formation. Prolonged electrolysis over 18&#xa0;h showed different results: as YCl<sub>3</sub> is depleted, its impact on O<sup>2−</sup> activity diminishes, while YF<sub>3</sub> can react with O<sup>2−</sup> to form YOF, reducing O<sup>2−</sup> activity. This reduction in O<sup>2−</sup> activity promotes the production of titanium with remarkably low oxygen content. Despite slower ion diffusion caused by complexation, the thermodynamic advantage of the YF<sub>3</sub> system establishes it as the most effective route for high-purity titanium production, necessitating a subsequent separation process.</p>

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Study on the Preparation of Titanium via Yttrium-Containing Salt Electrolysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月23日

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  • Zhenyun Tian,
  • Tianxiong Wang,
  • Shuangjiang He,
  • Xue Deng,
  • Guibao Qiu,
  • Meilong Hu

摘要

This study investigates the electrochemical reduction of TiO2 in yttrium-containing molten salts (CaCl2–KCl–YCl3/YF3 and MgCl2–YCl3) at 1173 K. Thermodynamic analyses confirm that YCl3 effectively lowers oxide ion activity, enhancing the driving force for deoxidation. However, electrolysis experiments revealed that 8 h of electrolysis led to a notable decrease in reduction efficiency (current efficiency below 30%) upon the addition of YCl3 and YF3 to the CaCl2–KCl salt, primarily due to byproduct formation. Prolonged electrolysis over 18 h showed different results: as YCl3 is depleted, its impact on O2− activity diminishes, while YF3 can react with O2− to form YOF, reducing O2− activity. This reduction in O2− activity promotes the production of titanium with remarkably low oxygen content. Despite slower ion diffusion caused by complexation, the thermodynamic advantage of the YF3 system establishes it as the most effective route for high-purity titanium production, necessitating a subsequent separation process.